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THE “COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 


BY 
OSCAR RAVEL 


Tue AMERICAN NuMisMatTic SOCIETY 
BroaDway AT 156TH STREET 
New York 
1928 


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eee COTS” OF AMBRACIA 


BY 
OSCAR RAVEL 


Tue AMERICAN NuMISMATIC SOCIETY 
Broapway AT 156TH STREET 
New York 
1928 


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toe COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 
By Oscar E. RAVEL 


The Thesprotian town of Ambracia in Epirus 
(AuBpakia) was situated where the town of Arta 
now stands. Its territory extended all round the 
northern and western side of the Gulf of Ambracia 
(now Gulf of Arta). On the southeast, it was 
bounded by the territory of the Amphilochians 
and on the west by the Laguna Tsukalia, or proba- 
bly the small river Oropos (Luro). Inland, we do 
not know how far it extended.! 

The city itself was situated at the mouth of 
the river Arachthos ("ApadVos), and at the head 
of a gulf eighty stadia from the sea.2,- Above the 
town of which some ancient walls still exist, 
stands a rocky hill—the Acropolis, and from its 
height the plain could be dominated and one had 
an extensive view over the sea. 

The harbor was provided with dikes and dams 
(kXetoTos Ayunv) and was probably situated at the 
mouth of the river,’ which vessels could navigate 
as far as the town.! 

The mythical founder of Ambracia was Ambrax, 
son of Thesprotos,> but according to Dionysios 
of Halikarnassos, the eponymous founder was the 
son of Dexamenos, son of Heracles.® 


I 


2 THE “COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 


The town was colonized by Corinth about 630 
B.C. Strabo says Gorgos, son of Kypselos, was 
the leader of the Corinthian expedition and be- 
came the first tyrant of Ambracia. His son, 
Periander II, succeeded him but was soon de- 
posed by the citizens who then instituted a 
democratic form of government.’ 

By some authors, the historical founder of 
Ambracia is called Torgos, Gorgias or Gorgos,® 
but as his name is inscribed in full on a beautiful 
coin (pl. XI, 127), we may be sure that it was 
really Gorgos (OPTO2).?® 

Owing to her very favorable situation, Ambracia 
was the natural port for Epirus and the interior, 
and the medium for commerce with Italy and 
Sicily. Practically all the trade of the country 
passed through her harbor, so that she grew in 
wealth and soon became one of the most flourish- 
ing of the Corinthian colonies. 

The first we know of her in history is that in 
480 B.C. she joined with Corinth in the war 
against Xerxes, sending five hundred hoplites and 
seven vessels.!0 

Corinth through hostility for Aegina established 
a close friendship with Athens, which she sup- 
ported, in order that, through her, Aegina should 
be humiliated. We have no direct proofs that 
Ambracia was with Athens against Aegina, but 
knowing she was very faithful to her mother- 
city, we may suppose she helped Corinth. 


foe COLTS? OF AMBRACIA 3 


When, in 456 B.C., Aegina became tributary to 
Athens, the dangerous rival to the Corinthian 
influence in Peloponnesus was eliminated.’ 

In 432 B.C., Ambracia took an active part, on 
the Corinthian side, in the war between Corinth 
and Corcyra and supplied a fleet of 27 vessels.!! 

At first Ambracia invaded the neighbouring 
town of Argos and expelled the Amphilochians.” 
They, with the help of their allies, the Akarna- 
nians, later recaptured the town.* 

During the second part of the Peloponnesian 
war the Ambracians again besieged Argos, but 
did not succeed in taking it and were obliged to 
retreat. In 426 B.C., with the help of the 
Lakedemonian Eurylochos, they again tried to 
take that town, but the Akarnanians had received 
important help from the Athenians and directed 
by the Athenian general Demosthenes, they de- 
feated the Ambracians at Olpai (“Odzar), and 
destroyed their army completely.4 Thucydides 
says that during the Peloponnesian war no other 
Greek town suffered so great a calamity within so 
short a time. After this defeat, a truce of 100 
years was concluded between Ambracia and the 
Akarnanians.& 

Ambracia, always faithful to her mother-city 
and to Sparta, in the last period of the Pelo- 
ponnesian war (ca. 415-414) sent troops to help 
Syracuse then besieged by the Athenians. 

From this time she seems to have lived in 


4 THE “ COLTS” OF wi ae 


peace and there followed the most flourishing 
epoch of her history. About 342, Alexander 
of Epirus, made Ambracia one of his capitals 
and sailed thence to Italy 1 (ca. 334 B.C.). In 
340 B.C., she entered into the defensive league 
with Athens against Philip of Macedon, but after 
the battle of Chaeronea in 338 B.C., Philip 
established a Macedonian garrison in the town. 

As the object of the present study is the coinage 
of the Ambracian mint, and as this was closed 
under Philip,!? the events posterior to 338 B.C. 
do not concern us. These historical facts are 
cited merely to facilitate examination of the events 
that may have left a mark upon the coinage. 

The coinage of Ambracia is almost exclusively 
staters of Corinthian types and standard; some 
small denominations are recorded as belonging to 
this mint, owing to the initial A under the Pegasos, 
but it is more likely that they should be attributed 
to some other mint. The small coins in the 
British Museum, of Roman standard,!* like all 
the late staters, do not belong to this mint. 

In the Museum of Berlin, there are two small 
coins, probably drachms, of archaic style, in- 
scribed A under the Pegasos and therefore con- 
sidered as being of Ambracia. These pieces are 
the only instance of small coins in all the series. 
To support this attribution, there is only the 
initial A, but as this may be the initial of other 
mints too, we prefer to leave these coins among 
those of ‘uncertain mints.” 


fie COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 5 


The present study treats the series of beautiful 
Ambracian staters. These most remarkable coins 
of Corinthian types are very carefully executed. 
They show much variety in composition, and the 
symbols are often of great interest. Like the 
Corinthian staters, those of Ambracia were known 
everywhere as pegasi or ‘‘colts’’ (w@dov), and 
circulated freely as a kind of international 
currency. The name colts was given these 
staters owing to the constant reiteration of the 
principal type, the flying Pegasos, popularly 
known as the ‘colt,’!9 and this type was considered 
as a kind of guaranty of good alloy and weight. 
A circumstance that seems to justify the great 
success of the pegasi is that, although many 
thousand pegasi are recorded, so far no plated 
example has been met. 

Ambracia’s trade with Italy and Sicily was 
very important, and this explains why the greatest 
number of Ambracian colts have been found in 
these countries. Their abundance in Sicilian 
hoards seems to indicate that, as the coinage of - 
didrachms was very scanty in Sicily, they were 
normally used, with the other pegasi, in the trans- 
actions where didrachms, or ten-litrae pieces, 
were needed. 

Although hoards of pegasi have been numerous 
in Sicily, it is greatly to be regretted that not a 
single detailed record has been made of them. 
Even when the other coins found with them have 


6 THE “COLTS” GF ARR 


been carefully described and published, the colts 
have been completely neglected. This is due to 
several reasons—a general contempt for them, 
the very erroneous idea that they are such com- 
mon coins that it is not worth while wasting time 
over them and the scarcity of books of reference 
dealing with them. 

That the pegasi of Ambracia are not common 
is amply proved by the following catalogue. The 
coins recorded are by no means all that exist, 
but as almost all the coins of the principal public 
and private collections and all the coins illus- 
trated in the sale catalogues have been noted, it 
is surprising how few there are. Very important 
museums, such as Athens and Naples, have only 
half a score of specimens in their trays. Very few 
series of Greek coins show such a large number of 
presumably unique varieties. 

I am particularly indebted to Mr. E. T. Newell, 
President of the American Numismatic Society, 
who has helped me with his valuable advice, and, 
especially, to Mr. Sydney P. Noe, Secretary of the 
American Numismatic Society, who was kind 
enough to read over and correct the proofs, and 
to help me with friendly criticism so that I have 
modified in some cases my possibly over-bold 
views, clashing with opinions which still hold the 
field!” 

I have to express my gratitude also to my friend 
M. Michel P. Vlasto, with whom I discussed 


feels OF AMBRACIA gy 


many points and who has constantly assisted me 
with his knowledge. 

I owe my sincerest thanks to all the keepers of 
public cabinets and to all owners of private col- 
lections who have aided in the bringing together 
of the casts of the coins described in the present 
study. The following are the public and private 
cabinets that have kindly sent me casts: 


Athens (National Numismatic Museum), 
Berlin (Kaiser Friedrich Museum), 
Brussels (Cabinet des Médailles), 
Cambridge (Fitzwilliam Museum), 
Copenhagen (Royal Numismatic Cabinet), 
Glasgow (Hunterian Collection), 

Gotha (Miinzkabinett d. Herz. Hauses), 
London (British Museum), 

Milan (Castello Sforzesco), 

Munich (Miinzkabinett), 

Naples (Museo Nazionale), 

Paris (Cabinet des Médailles), 

Palermo (Museo Nazionale), 

The Hague (Koninklijk Kabinet), 
Torino (Medagliere del Re), 

Vienna (Kunsthistorisches Hofmuseum), 
Mr. W. Gedney Beatty, New York, 
Conte de Brandis, Venice, 

Comte Chandon de Briailles, Chaource, 
Mr. G. Empedocles, Athens, 

Col. Godefroy, Paris, 


8 THE.“ COLTS” OF ASB Atsr 


Mr. Paul Mathey, Paris, 
Mr. R. E. Hart, Blackburn, 
Mr. Hoyt Miller, Long Island, 
Mr. E. T. Newell, New York, 
Prof. Sir Charles Oman, Oxford, Eng. 
Dr. Petzalis, Athens, 
Dr. E. P. Robinson, Newport, R. I., 
Dr. Bernhard, St. Moritz, 
J. Mavrogordato, Eden Bridge, Eng. 
Many other public cabinets and private collec- 
tions had no specimens of Ambracia in their 
trays, or were unable to send me casts. 


SYMBOLS 


On a great number of the staters of Corinthian 
type there are symbols in the field of the reverses. 
Some of these are common to all mints and gen- 
erally represent a variety of simple or conven- 
tionalized objects such as animals, insects, plants, 
or articles associated with religious ceremonies, 
GLC: 

Others of more complicated nature are found 
chiefly on the Ambracian colts. They sometimes 
represent human figures of comparatively large 
size—at times real ‘‘tableaux de genre.” 

Head, speaking of the symbols found on the 
staters of Corinth corresponding to those illus- 
trated on pl. XIX, a, b, c, d, e, f, says that they 


fee COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 9 


are doubtless magistrates’ signets, and that those 
found on the series with the magistrates’ initials 
stand for mint-officials of lower rank, who were 
replaced at frequent intervals, perhaps annually, 
while the superior magistrate remained in office 
for a longer period of time.” 

Prof. Oman repeats this explanation but applies 
the theory of mint-officials changing annually to 
the great variety of symbols found on the early 
staters without initials.”! 

Babelon follows Head’s opinion.” 

The writer’s idea is that it is a mistake to 
generalize on the basis of this theory. It may be 
that the symbols on the late Corinthian coins with 
initials AA—AYT—AP—AI—A-T-I-N* have some 
connection with the mint-officials, but this possi- 
bility is no more than conjecture that has still to 
be proved. If the symbols are really magistrates’ 
signets, it can only be ascertained through a care- 
ful examination of a large number of die-combina- 
tions. 

There is a class of staters studied by Sir Charles 
Oman in his paper on the Fifth century coins of 
Corinth that presents a strong objection to 
Head’s opinion. 

Fourteen reverses with different symbols are 
found coupled with two obverses so similar that 
only a very slight difference in the position of the 
Pegasos head and fore-legs permits one to see that 
they are not of the same die. These dies (pl. 


10 THE “COLTS? OF Ai Bia 


XIX, A and B) are apparently contemporary, and 
this is proved since the same reverses are found 
coupled with both. 
The reverses found coupled with A have the fol- 
lowing symbols: 
1. Five dolphins. (Cf. Babelon Tr., pl. CCX, 
10.) 
2. Three dolphins. Berlin. 
3. Two dolphins. (Cf. Num. Chron., 1909, pl. 
XXIX, 30.) 
4. Dolphin and eagle’s head, pl. XIX, a. 
5. Dolphin and bunch of grapes with two leaves, 
pl. XIX, db. 
6. Dolphin and cock. (Cf. Cat. Weber, 3693.) 
7. Figure with bow to left and AI. Cf. Ratto, 
1927, pl. XXXIX, 146. . 
8. Little figure standing to r., pl. XIX, c. 
9. Dolphin and figure standing to r. (Cf. 
Sotheby, 1921, pl. XIII, 278.) 


The reverses found coupled with B have the fol- 
lowing symbols: 


10. Dolphin and thymiaterion, pl. XIX, d. 

11. Dolphin and palmette, pl. XIX, e. 

12. Same, but different die. (Cf. Corolla Num., 
ra) bee, Ret oh 

13. Herakles with bow to r. and TI; Berlin. 

14. Dolphin and figure to 1., pl. XIX, f. 

15. Figure with bow to 1. and AI. (Cf. Egger, 
1908, pl. XIII, 477.) Same die as 7. 


eee ee OLS OF AMBRACIA fi 


16. Dolphin and bunch of grapes with two leaves. 
ere ama Car. 31909, pl, X XIX, 32.) 
Same die as 5. 

I have found 42 staters from these die-combina- 
tions. Two of these 14 different reverses, Nos. 5 
and 7, are found coupled with both A and B. Only 
two, Nos. 1 and 5, are found coupled with other 
obverse-dies. The first is found with an obverse 
depicting a standing Pegasos (cf. Babelon, pl. 
CCX, 11) and the second with a flying Pegasos 
Oy latepeatyie. (Cf. Ratto, 1927, pl. XX XIX, 
1438.) 

This group.of colts shows a concrete sequence 
of dies, where No. 1 represents the link with the 
previous issues and No. 5 the link with the follow- 
ing. We can therefore infer that the 14 reverses 
are all contemporary. But the above mentioned 
staters have been placed by Professor Oman in 
different periods, ranging from 414 to 394 B.C., 
Nos. 1 and 2 in the “Circle of dolphins class,”’ 
Nos. 11 and 12 in the ‘‘Palmette and dolphin 
class’’ and the others in Period IX (Dolphin and 
varying annual symbols). 

If we accept this classification, we are obliged 
to assume that the two dies A and B have been 
in constant use for 20 years, which is certainly 
not possible. 

If the symbols stand for the magistrates’ 
badges, there must have been at least 13 
magistrates in the mint of Corinth, during the 


12 THE “COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 


use of the two dies that we have seen were 
employed at the same time, and this is certainly 
very difficult to believe. 

Even if we only take into consideration the 
symbols we find on the reverses coupled with 
die A alone, we should find, during the use of one 
single die, at least nine magistrates, as there are 
nine different symbols. 

On the other hand if we consider only the dies 
belonging to Professor Oman’s Period IX, the 
eleven symbols we find would represent the mint- 
marks, or badges of magistrates that changed at 
least once a year. Therefore the two dies that we 
have seen were used at the same time would have 
been employed constantly during eleven years. 
From what we know of the technique of ancient 
coining 7° this is most improbable too. No die 
could stand hard hammering for such a long time; 
a duration of two years would certainly be more 
than we can expect from a die under normal 
circumstances. 

Studying a large number of colts of Corinth, of 
which I have collected a considerable number of 
casts, with a view to establishing their chrono- 
logical sequence, it has been found that the 
above case is not an exception. On the contrary 
we find very often a large number of reverses with 
differing symbols, coupled with the same obverse 
die. This is also met with in the Ambracian 
series. For instance, coins Nos. 125 to 132 have 


Pee COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 13 


all the obverses from the same die, coupled with 
eight reverses with different symbols. These 
coins are certainly contemporary and belong to 
the same issue; in this case, too, we should have 
eight magistrates in charge at the same time, and 
this is even more astonishing in a mint as small 
as Ambracia. 

We, also find cases sometimes that at first 
glance seem just the reverse. Several symbols 
are repeated for a long time and on reverses of 
quite different style. For instance, we find the 
kerykeion on coins of Ambracia of the second and 
third period. ‘There are ten dies (P 10, 11, 22, 
BperO meee 1,32, 33) ail with the same 
symbol, and their issue is certainly wide apart in 
time. How can we explain that in the same 
mint in the one case we have a single magistrate 
for a long period and in the other eight magis- 
trates during the short life-time of a single die? 

From these considerations we should be justi- 
fied in concluding that the symbols on the pegasi 
cannot represent the signets of mint-officials or 
magistrates, and that their meaning must be 
quite different. 

One class of symbols is found repeated on the 
coins of the same mint, such as the Club on those 
of Dyrrhachium, the Achelous’head on the coins of 
Stratos, the Bow on those of Alyzia. In these 
cases, owing to their constant reiteration, they 
are not considered as magistrates’ signets, but 

2 


14 THE “COLTS” OF AMBRAGIS 


as a kind of mrapdonuov** of the town. It is 
evident that they imply a religious meaning, 
being the attributes of gods whose cult was 
greatly in honour there. But these symbols were 
by no means used at the above mentioned mints 
exclusively; we find the Club, the Achelous’ head 
and the Bow symbols also on the colts of Ambracia 
(No. 29, pl. III, No. 89, pl. XII, No. 54, pl. V). 
If these symbols have a religious meaning on the 
colts of Dyrrhachium, Stratos and Alyzia, why 
should they not have the same meaning on the 
other colts? 

Our hypothesis for explaining the symbols is 
that they were at first merely ornamental devices, 
meant to embellish the composition and to break 
the bareness of the field. Later, attributes of 
gods were chosen with the same object, but with 
the supplementary purpose of putting the issue 
under the protection of a tutelary divinity. Once 
the fashion of the symbols became established, 
they must have been considered a kind of cus- 
tomary accessory to the Athena’s head, and the 
die-cutters gave free course to their imagination 
and a great variety of objects were chosen, but 
chiefly from among the numerous amorporara of 
recognized protective power. 

The symbols on the colts were for a long time 
religious and, after the usual attributes of gods, 
we find totems of all kinds, gods themselves or 
reproductions of well-known statues of divinities 


tie ec OLES OF AMBRACIA 15 


or heroes and even mythological scenes or allu- 
sions to some legendary or historical event. This 
class of symbols should be considered as a kind of 
accessory type, added to the standard Corinthian 
type. 

We can follow this evolution, step by step, on 
the colts of Ambracia. 

On the first archaic issues we find no symbols 
(Nos. 1 to 7, pl. I), but on the following issue, 
which we shall show hereafter was probably struck 
at Corinth, we find an ivy-branch (Nos. 8 to 11, 
pl. I). The nature of the symbol and its decora- 
tive disposition leave no doubt that it was meant 
to embellish the composition. 

The first symbol that follows the ivy-branch is 
a kerykeion, and we have already noted that this 
is found repeated for a long time in periods II 
and III (pl. IJ, III], IV, and V). The kerykeion 
marks the first step in the evolution of the original 
purpose, which was simply decorative. The 
choice was natural; this symbol is not only a 
decorative device, but has its own particular 
meaning. In fact what could have been found 
more appropriate for an issue of coins than the 
golden rod of Hermes, the herald of peaceful 
intercourse among people and the symbol of 
trade? 

Later, however, only the religious meaning 
survived and, as the kerykeion was the attribute 
of Hermes, there were no reasons that those of the 


16 THE “COLTS” OF AMBRACTA 


other gods worshipped should not have been 
employed also as symbols. Thus we have the 
Club 7° of Herakles, the Kantharos of Dionysos, 
the Tripod of Apollo. 

From these simple attributes we pass to the 
figures of divinities such as the flying Nike, a 
Satyr, an Eros (?), and later local gods and heroes 
—Arachthos, Gorgos and the Dol phin-rider—were 
taken for symbols. On some coins we even find 
complete scenes, like the girl playing at Kottabos 
and Ambrax watching the fight of the serpent with 
the tortoise. 

It is therefore evident that the study of these 
symbols is of more interest than if they are consid- 
ered as mint-marks or magistrates’ signets only. 

Adrien Blanchet saw the importance of the 
study of these symbols and in his paper “‘ Repre- 
sentations de statues sur les statéres de Corinthe”’ 
concludes that the study of them may supply us 
with considerable archeological and chronological 
information. 

In the present study great importance has 
therefore been given to the symbols and we have 
attempted to explain their meaning. Unfor- 
tunately we know very little about the local 
legends of Ambracia and consequently we can 
submit an interpretation in a few cases only. 
Many symbols, in spite of our endeavours, are 
incomprehensible and will perhaps remain puzzles 
until new archeological discoveries shall have 
furnished us with the necessary clues. 


ter COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 17, 


SAiRONOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION 


The classification of the staters of Corinthian 
types has always been considered a very difficult 
task. In the introduction of the Catalogue of the 
British Museum for Corinth, Head says that few 
series of coins present greater difficulties. Prof. 
P. Gardner says that to arrange them accurately 
by date is impossible.*!. The great uniformity of 
types, and the small differences of style, were the 
chief difficulties. 

But as many other Greek series present the 
same peculiarity and have been carefully classi- 
fied, we are justified in believing that there must 
be other reasons. 

As a rule in all ancient coins the die with deep 
relief was fixed to the anvil, and used as a pile; 
the other die was used as a punch or trussel and 
received the blow. The die fixed to the anvil 
was the one which gave the more important side 
of the coin, or obverse; and the side from the 
punch die was the reverse. This last received the 
blows and therefore lasted a shorter time than the 
die fixed to the anvil, which accounts for the fact 
that generally the reverses are more numerous 
than the obverses.3* 

Although on the Corinthian staters the head of 
Athena,” apparently the more important side of 
the coin, is on the reverse, the Pegasos is on the 
obverse; therefore it is the principal type.*? On 


18 THE “COLTS” OF Agrpi ae 


the earliest coins of Corinth we find the Pegasos 
on the obverse, and on the reverse only a kind of 
incuse pattern. Afterwards Athena’s head took 
the place of the incuse device, while the flying- 
horse, the zapdonuov of Corinth, remained on 
the obverse.*4 

In all attempts at classification of the colts, 
the obverses, viz., the most important side of the 
coin, have been completely neglected, even in the 
best catalogues. Often they are not even illus- 
trated and their descriptions are limited to 
“Pegasos flying r. or 1.’ 34 Modern authors, 
following this general habit, try to establish the 
chronological sequence of the types by studying 
the reverses only. 

Although at first sight the obverses seem simi- 
lar, they are by no means so nearly alike as it 
was generally supposed. If we study them 
closely, we are surprised to see how different 
they really are. If they look similar, it is a 
probability that they are closely related—that the 
coins either belong to the same issue or at least 
to the same period. 

This uniformity of the obverses, which was the 
reason for their being neglected, is of great help in 
the study of the series. 

In fact, it is obvious that it is much easier to 
perceive differences of design and style on artistic 
productions if they always reproduce the same 
object, than if this varies. 


Pree OL or OF AMBRACTA 19 


It is misleading to rely on style alone, and in 
the present study several cases confirm this.*® 
Striking differences of style are to be found on 
coins of the same epoch, either becausé earlier 
types were copied intentionally, or because, in all 
epochs, there were clever and inferior engravers 
working together and therefore good and bad 
style. . 

In trying to establish the chronology of the 
colts of Ambracia,*** we have followed the only 
really scientific system, that of the die-sequence, 
inaugurated by Regling and followed by Tudeer, 
Newell, Seltman and other modern numis- 
matists.*6 

The coinage of Ambracia is particularly inter- 
esting, as the dies interlace frequently. This fact 
permits us to establish a die-sequence that is 
almost continuous. Naturally there are missing 
links, but in this case stylistic considerations 
help greatly to bridge the interruptions. 

Some die-combinations that we do not know 
may come to light, and these may change the 
sequence submitted herein and demand a “re- 
shuffling,’’ but the present essay is only a modest 
attempt at the classification, and it should be 
-considered as the first step to a more complete and 
exhaustive work. 

The coinage has been divided into five chrono- 
logical periods, taking into consideration the estab- 
lished die-sequence, comparisons of style and the 
available historical data. 


20 THE “COLTS” OF AMDEAL . 


First Period—from 480 to 456 B.C. (Archaic 
style). 

Second Period—from 456 to 426 B.C. (Transi- 
tional style). 

Third Period—from 426 to 404 B.C. (Fine style). 

Fourth Period—from 404 to 360 B.C. (Finest 
style). 

Fifth Per1od—from 360 to 338 B.C. (Beginning of 
the decline). 


Both Head * and Babelon agree in fixing the 
beginning of the coinage of Ambracia at 480 B.C., 
when Ambracia joined the war against Xerxes. 
Babelon supposes the first issue of coins to have 
been made to pay the Ambracian troops.*® 

The second period begins with the fall of Aegina 
in 456 B.C. and ends with the defeat of Olpai. 

The third period beginning with the truce of 
100 years ends with the fall of Athens. The 
date of 360 B.C. closing the fourth period is only 
conjectural. The fifth period ends with the clos- 
ing of the mint in 338 B.C. 

The periods have been subdivided into groups, 
taking as a rule the obverses rather than the 
reverses into consideration. It would be im- 
possible to establish groups or classes where. 
obverses and reverses would exactly fit. Because 
of the concatenation of the dies several reverses 
from the same die are coupled with obverses of 
two groups. We do not fix any dating for the 


fee COULLS ? OF AMBRACIA 21 


groups as this would only be guess-work and 
consequently of very doubtful utility. 

The system of labelling in the following cata- 
logue is the same that has been adopted by C. T. 
Seltman in his ‘‘ Athens, its History and Coinage.”’ 
Each coin or die-combination has a progressive 


a is called the ‘‘Edge of the wing’’; b, the ‘‘Upper part 
of the wing’’; c, the ‘‘Row of small feathers’; d, the ‘‘Row 
of long feathers.’ The numbering of the feathers begins 
from the top. 


number; each obverse die has a progressive num- 
ber following the letter A (Anvil-die). Each 
reverse a number following the letter P (Punch- 
die). Each recorded specimen of the same die- 
combination is lettered a, b, c, etc. Thus 760 is 


22 THE “COLTS” OF AMBRAU IA 


the specimen in the Cabinet des Médailles in 
Paris from the obverse die A 39 and the reverse 
P5415 

To show the complete die-sequence all the 
finest available coins have been illustrated on the 
plates; in this way it is easier to follow the inter- 
lacing of the dies. When two specimens complete 
each other, both have been illustrated. As all the 
coins were struck with loose dies, the relative 
position of the dies has been omitted.*® The 
weight of each coin has been noted when avail- 
able; the results of a Hill-Robinson frequency- 
table are indicated afterwards. 

The wing of the Pegasos, being the part that 
shows the greatest variety in shape, is the essential 
feature of the obverse. An accurate description 
of it is therefore obligatory to recognize the 
different dies. As the terms employed may be 
wrongly interpreted, the cut on the preceding 
page is necessary. 


CATALOGUE OF JE Yrs 


I PERIoD, FROM 480 To 456 B.C. 


Group A 


1 Ad. Pegasos bridled, the two bridle-reins 
visible, with curled wing, flying r. The upper 
part of the wing *° is composed of seven feathers. 
Head very long compared to the body. Beneath 
Pegasos, near |. hind-hoof, A. 


Pree COTS” OF AMBRACTA 23 


tity tlead of Athena r.’ wearing Cotin- 
thian helmet without neck-guard; hair in queue 
ending in a little knot. Eye in full face, the lips 
smiling. Around neck, a stringlike necklace. 


All within deep incuse square. Pl, I. 
a. Berlin, grm. 8.51, 18 mm. (Prokesch-Osten). 
b. London, grm. 8.45, 18 mm. (Cat. Weber, 3828). 
c. Glasgow, Hunterian Collection, 18 mm. 
d. The Hague (Six Coll.), grm. 7.05, 18 mm. (very poor). 
e. Cat. Egger, 1908, 493, grm. 8.45, 18 mm. 
2 Ad. From the same die. 


P 2. Similar head of Athena but smaller. 
Pl. I. 
a. O. Ravel, Marseilles, grm. 8.65, 17x19 mm. (Naville 


ALT 1926,°1310). 
b. Col. Godefroy, grm. 8.30, 18 mm. 


3 A2. Similar Pegasos, single bridle-rein 
visible. A slightly larger. 

P38. Similar head of Athena r.; in higher 

relief, hair wavy on forehead. Necklace of beads. 


All within deep incuse square. Pl. I. 
a. i. TD. Newell, grm. 8.72, 20 mm. 
b. Cat. de Sartiges, 293, 21 mm. 
c. Hirsch XXV, 1909, 1144, grm. 8.51, 20 mm. 


4 A8. Same Pegasos, probably from the 
same hub, both reins visible. A placed nearer 
the fore-legs. 

Pow) Similar head of Athena r., only very 
slight differences. 


a. Naville I (Pozzi), 1740, grm. 8.45, 20 mm. 


24 THE “COLTS” OF AMBRAGT.: 


5 A4. Similar Pegasos flying r., the upper 
part of the wing composed of six feathers, two 
reins visible. 

P 4. Same die. Pl. I. 
E. T. Newell, grm. 8.60, 19 mm. 
Berlin, 28633, grm. 7.99, 18x20 mm. 


Cat. Sambon, 1923 (Picard), 458, 20 mm. 
Naville VI, 1924 (Bement), 960, grm. 8.55, 19 mm. 


sors 


6 Ad. A thinner Pegasos with wing less 
spread. 
P 4. Same die. Pl. I. 
a. Palermo hoard, 983, grm. 8.35, 20 mm. 
b. Cambridge, McClean, 5096, grm. 8.38, 18 mm., pl. 


185, 1.4 
¢.. Turin; 20mm: 


7 A6. Pegasos flying r., the upper part of 
the wing composed of five feathers, beneath, A. 
P 8. Same die. Pl. I. 


a. Copenhagen, grm. 8.54, 19 mm. 

b. von Gwinner, grm. 8.63, 20 mm. Dr. Ph. Lederer, 
Seltene Griech. Miin. der Samml. A. v. Gwinner, Berliner 
Miinzblatter, 1916, taf. 2, 12. 


Group B 


8 AZ. Pegasos, bridled, with curled wing, 
flying r., the upper part of the wing composed of 
four feathers. The body is short and plump, 
head better proportioned; very high relief. Be- 
neath, large archaic A. 


iat COLTS’ OF AMBRACIA 25 


P 5. Head of Athena r., wearing Corin- 
thian helmet without neck-guard, grape. cluster 
earring and necklace of -beads. Hair in queue 
ending in a knot; to l1., ivy-branch with three 
berries and two leaves, all within deep incuse 
square. Pint 

a. O. Ravel, Marseilles, grm. 8.50, 16 mm., ex Naville, 


I, 1741 (Pozzi coll.). 
b. London, 2a, grm. 8.70, 17 mm. 


9 A8. Similar Pegasos r., differs from A 7 
in row of small feathers, in position of forelegs 
as well as in position of A. 

P$. Same die. Pi. I. 

a. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.69, 17 mm. 

Dee ioonden, grin, 8.20, 15xt7°mm., -_B.M.. Cat.,’, pl. 
KAY LE 4d. 

6. London, 2; erm. 8.23, 15x17 mm. 

d. Cat. Naville VI, 1924, 962 (Bement), grm. 8.62, 
18 mm., ex Sotheby, 1916 (Headlam), 371. 

e. Copenhagen, grm. 8.68, 17 mm. 

f. Brussels, grm. 7.83 (very poor), 18 mm. 

g. Comte Chandon de Briailles, grm. 8.20, 18 mm. 


10 AS8. Same die. 
P 6. Similar head to r., ivy-branch with 
larger leaves. 1 2d Bal 


a. Gotha, grm. 8.73, 17 mm. 
11 A¥9. Similar Pegasos, but slightly larger. 


Upper part of the wing composed of five feathers. 
P6. Same die. poe ba 


26 THE * COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 


a. Brussels, grm. 8.40, 17 mm. 

b. Berlin (Prokesch-Osten), grm. 8.34, 18 mm. 

c. Berlin (Imhoof-Blumer), grm. 8.03 (worn), 18x20 
mm. 

d. G. Empedocles, Athens, grm. 8.46, 18 mm. (ex 
Naville I, Pozzi, 1743). 

e. -G. Empedocles, grm. 8.55, 16x19 mm. (ex Naville I, 
Pozzi, 1742, and Egger, 1908, 494). 

f. BP. Mathey, Paris, grm. 8.50, 18 mm. 

g. Cat. de Sartiges, 292, 18 mm. 

h. Cat. Naville VI, 1923 (Bement), 961, grm. 8.33, 
18 mm. 


II PERIOD, FROM 456 TO 426 B.C. 
Group A 


12 A110. Pegasos unbridled with curled wing 
flying 1.; under head, archaic A, beneath, serpent 
coiled round land-tortoise and striking atit. This 
symbol is placed near r. hind-hoof, the tortoise’s 
head towards the body of Pegasos. 

P 7. Head of Athena 1., wearing Corin- 
thian helmet without neck-guard, hair falling 
loosely in long locks over the neck. On the top 
of the helmet stands a bull butting to |; to l. 
in the angle of the die, A, sidewise; all within incuse 
square. Pi. I. 

a. Berlin, grm. 8.51, 20 mm. (Imhoof-Blumer) . 


b. Berlin, grm. 8.25, 15x24 mm. (Prokesch-Osten). 
c. Cat. Naville I, 1920 (Pozzi), 1745, grm. 8.17, 19 mm. 


fee COLTS OF AMBRACIA 27 


13 Ad10O. From the same die. 
P §&. Same head but slightly thinner, 
helmet longer, bull smaller, no letter visible. 


a. The Hague (Six), grm. 7.30, 18x20 mm. (very poor). 


14 Adi. Similar to the above; between the 
symbol and r. hind-leg a crosslike mark or letter. 
P 9. Similar head of Athena 1. but wear- 

ing neck-guard under Corinthian helmet. Bull 
standing with its hind-legs on the edge of the neck- 
guard, butting vertically downwards; to l., A, 
all within incuse square. Pl, I. 


a. O. Ravel, Marseilles, grm. 8.15, 19 mm. 


15) 2 ts Same cie. 
Poe ssamedie as (3. Pl. II. 


a. Munich, grm. 8.66, 18x21 mm. 


16 Ail. Same die. 

P10. Head of Athena 1., wearing Corin- 
thian helmet over neck-guard, long loose locks 
coming out from it. To r. kerykeion, all within 
incuse square; tol., A. Pl. I. 


a. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.30, 18 mm. 
b. Hirsch XXXIV, 1914, 408, grm. 8.20, 20 mm. 


17 Ai2. Pegasos as above, but neck and 
upper part of the wing longer, fore-legs more 
apart. The symbol is differently placed, the 


28 THE “ COLTS” OF ABR aea. 


tortoise’s head is to 1., the serpent’s head is under 
l. fore-hoof. No crosslike sign. 

P 7. Same die aziz. Pl. II. 

a. London, 17, grm. 8.50, 16x20 mm., B. M. Cat., 

pl. XXVII, 14.. E. Babelon Trt. JV, piai2s, 201 


COL XX2E 6: 
b. Hirsch XXXI, 1912, 384, grm. 8.27, 21 mm. 


18 A112. Same die. 
P 11. Similar head to P 10, but smaller, 
to 1., A, to r. kerykeion, all within incuse square. 
Pl. IT. 


a. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.09, 18 mm. 


19 A113. Similar Pegasos, but wing smaller, 


symbol smaller and nearer the body. 
P11. Same die. Pl. I. 


a. Berlin, grm. 8.35, 19 mm. (Imhoof-Blumer), Babe- 
lon Tr.;.t. [V.p. 126,260 
b. Gotha, grm. 8.48, 18x22 mm. 


20 A JIS. Samedie 
P10. Same die as 16. Pl. II. 


a. London, 49, grm. 8.26, 17x20 mm, B. M. Cat., pl. 
XXIX, 5.4 E. Babelon Tr.,:t. TV, p. 142, ane 

b. G. Empedocles, grm. 8.48, 19 mm. 

c. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.44, 20 mm. 

d. Hirsch XXVI, 1910, 517, grm. 8.48, 22 mm. 


Pee COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 29 


Group B 
21 Adi4. Pegasos unbridled, with straight 
wing, flying r.; beneath, A. 
Pipe Same ate as: 3. Pl. IT. 
a. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.29, 17x20 mm. 


22. Adt4&. Same die. 
P12. Head of Athena r., wearing Corin- 
thian helmet without neck-guard, hair in long 
wavy locks over neck, incuse square. Pl. II. 


a. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.15, 20 mm. 


23 Al4. Same die. 
iio omar, gead lL; hair more. curly; 
incuse square. ) Pi. II. 


gO. Ravel, erm. 8:35, 22 mim. 


24 Ai14. Same die. (Pegasos badly struck, 
looks larger.) 

P14. Similar head of Athena I., wearing 

Corinthian helmet over very small neck-guard, 


long locks coming down over neck, at r. a crab tol. 
Pl. II. 


a. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.25, 17x20 mm. 


25° A 104 Similar Pegasos to r., but larger. 
Pi4. Same die. Pl. I. 


a. Gotha, grm. 8.43, 16x19 mm. 
3 


30 THE “COLTS” OF AMBER Atrs 


26 A116. Pegasos, unbridled, flying 1., body 
fat, wing very large, edge beginning from near the 
head. 

P14. Same die. Pl. III. 


a. Berlin, grm. 8.09, 17x19 mm. 


27 A117. Similar Pegasos with straight wing, 
flying 1. Edge of wing “ parallel to the body; 
beneath, A. 

P15. Head of Athena 1|., wearing Corin- 
thian helmet without neck-guard, hair in long 
locks falling down on neck and covering it com- 
pletely; to r. behind the neck, kantharos; incuse 
square. Pl. III. 


a. O. Ravel, grm. 7.87, 19 mm. 


28 Ai17. Same die. 

P16. Similar head, hair in short curly 
locks partially covering the neck, to r. in lower 
corner of incuse, kantharos. Pl. ITI. 

a. London, grm. 8.38, 19 mm), oi. ee 


XXVIII, 15. Babelon Tr., t. IV, 134, 289, pl. CCLXXXI, 
tts 


29 Ai1?. Same die. 

P17. Head of Athena to r. wearing neck- 
guard under helmet; to 1. large club, all within 
incuse square. PI, TIL. 

a. London, grm. 8.40, 18 mm., B. M. Cat., Dyrrhachium, 


1, pl. XXVI, 2. E. Babelon Tr., t. 1V, p. ae0,,0e0,00. 
CCAR, T8t 


fae COLTS’ OF AMBRACIA 31 


30 A18. Similar Pegasos flying |., body and 
legs longer; beneath, A. 

P18. Similar to P 13, only club thinner 

and differently placed. PES LIT: 


a. O. Ravel, Marseilles, grm. 8.35, 20 mm. (ex Naville 
XII, 1926, 1303, Dyrrhachium).48 


31 Ad19. Similar Pegasos, body longer, edge 
of the wing not parallel to the body, but slanting 
upwards; beneath, archaic A. 

Peide similar jhead. of -Athena 1.;.-no 
symbol visible. Pl. III. 


Oo) arin, 17x19 mm: 


32 A 20. Pegasos flying 1., body fat, wing 
very large, edge beginning from near the head, 
beneath fore-legs, A. 

P 20. Athena’s head as previously, only 
to r.; to r. laurel-leaf (or grain of barley); to 1. 


small A; incuse square. Pi. III. 
a. Cambridge, grm. 8.36, 19 mm., Cat. McClean, 5101, 
Pistooy 0; 


b. Berlin, grm. 8.29, 21 mm., Imhoof-Blumer. 
Gide ow, 1911, 410, grm,. 8.34; °20 mm. 


(Leucas). 
d. Egger, 1912 (Coll. Prowe), 1067, grm. 8.09, 20 mm. 


(Leucas). 


33 A 21. Same, but A differently placed. 
Peete yomilar, head r., to l:<1vy-leaf, 
incuse square. Pl. III. 
a. Munich, grm. 8.23, 19 mm. 


32 THE “COLTS” OF AMSRaa. 


Group C 


34 A 22. Pegasos unbridled with straight 
wing flying 1., similar to A 19, but body shorter 
and head raised; beneath, A. 

P 22. Very similar to P 10 (pl. II); the 
nose of the goddess and her chin are more pointed 
and the neck-guard is larger; to l., A, to r., kery- 
keion. ‘Traces of incuse square. Pl. III. 


a. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.35, 17x19 mm. 


35. A 22. Same die. 
P 28. Similar head, but larger; to l., A, 
to r., kerykeion, traces of incuse square. PI. III. 


a. O. Ravel, grm. 8.12, 19x21 mm. 


36 A 22. Same die. 

P 24. Head of Athena r., wearing Corin- 
thian helmet over neck-guard, to l|., dagger in 
scabbard, incuse square. The eye of the goddess 
is almost facing. | Pl. TIL. 

a. London, B. M. Cat., Uncertain mints, 4, pl. X XIX, 


3, grm. 8.32, 16x22 mm. Babelon Tr., t. IV, p. 125, 271, 
ple: CCLA Kea. 


37 A 22. Same die. 

P 25. Head of Athena r., wearing Corin- 
thian helmet bound with olive-wreath, symbol to 
1. off-flan, in the r. corner of incuse square, A with 
its cross-piece parallel to outer line of the helmet. 


Pl. II. 
a. London, grm. 8.37, 15x18 mm., B. M. Cat., 45. 


fae COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 33 


38 A 23. Similar Pegasos; the only difference 
is that the first feather of the small ones is shorter 
and the third long feather is bent downwards. 

P 26. Athena, head to 1., with short locks 
and very small neck-guard. Eye almost facing; 
over the helmet tol., A. Tor. a wreath encircling 
a kerykeion. This symbol, clearly visible in the 
reproduction, is formed by a circle with twelve 
pellets disposed in four groups of three round it. 
The kerykeion is superimposed; near its staff, 
inside the circle, there are two additional pellets 


on each side. Pl. IV. 
a. Berlin, grm. 8.18, 18 mm., Lébbecke. 


39 A 23. Same die. 
Je7. Flead of Athena similar to that of 
die P 10, but helmet bound with olive-wreath. 
Tor., kerykeion placed vertically, all within incuse 


square. Pl. IV. 
a. O. Ravel, grm. 8.36, 18 mm. (found in Pachino, 
Sicily). 


b. Berlin, grm. 8.34, 18 mm. (Imhoof-Blumer). 


40 A 23. Same die. 

P 28. Head of Athena r., wearing helmet 
over small neck-guard and necklace of large 
beads; tol., large archaic A; tor., Nike flying tol., 
holding outstretched fillet over the goddess’ 
helmet. The whole within incuse square. 


Pl. IV. 


34 THE “COLTS” OF AMER Ars 


a. Berlin, grm. 8.53, 18 mm. (Imhoof-Blumer ). 

b. Berlin, grm. 8.36, 18x23 mm. (Lébbecke). 

c. Cambridge, grm. 8.50, 18x22 mm. (Cat. McClean, 
5102, ple 185, 

d. Egger, 1908, 491, grm. 8.25,59 23 mm. 


41 A 23. Same die. 
P 23. Same die as 35. Pl. IV. 


a. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.20, 19 mm. 
b. Naples hoard, 41, 18 mm. 


42 A 23. Same die. 
P 29. Head of Athena r., of very coarse 
style. Neck-guard very large, eye protruding, 
chin abnormally large; tol., kerykeion. PI. IV. 


a. O. Ravel, grm. 8.20, 17 mm. 


43 A 24. Similar Pegasos. Legs and _ tail 
longer; beneath, A. 

P 30. Similar head of Athena r. Stylea 
little better, eye still protruding; to r. in the 
upper corner of incuse square, A; tol., obelisk of 
Ambracia on a large base. Pl. IV. 
E. T. Newell, grm. 8.31, 19 mm. 

E. T. Newell, grm. 8.49, 18x20 mm. 

Athens, grm. 8.29,5! 17x22 mm. 

Berlin, grm. 7.98, 17x23 mm. (Imhoof-Blumer). 
O. Ravel, grm. 8.57, 18 mm., found near Catania. 
Commerce (Paris), very poor, 18 mm. 


iaenas Cus sya Si 


Pee OLS OF AMBRACIA 35 


Pie PERIOD FROM 426 To 404 B.C. 


Group A 


44 A 25. Pegasos of high relief, with straight 
wing, flying r., mane long, head large, first feather 
of wing ® the longest. 

P $1. Athena’s head r., wearing Corin- 
thian helmet bound with olive, hair in spiral 
curls over cheek and neck; to 1., kerykeion; Ain 
the r. upper corner of incuse square. Pl. 1V. 


a. E. T. Newell, grm. 7.98, 19 mm. 


45 A 26. Pegasos of very high relief, flying 
r., coarse style, body heavy and clumsy, legs very 
thick. 

Pool .. Same dic. PL LV; 

a. Berlin, grm. 8.12, 18 mm. (Prokesch-Osten). 

Dea ars wernt, 5:45, 16x21 mm., Babelon Tr., t. IV, 


Didi 10 el GCUX XXII; 8. 
¢. London, grm. 7.90, 18x21 mm., B. M. Cat., 47. 


46 A 27. Similar Pegasos but of better style, 
second feather the longest; outline of second wing 
visible, legs thinner. 

P 82. Similar head but helmet plain; to 
l., kerykeion above a large archaic A. PIoIV. 


a. Berlin, grm. 8.66, 17x20 mm. (Fox). 
b. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.10, 21 mm. 


36 THE. “COLTS” OF AMBRAGIA 


47 A 27. Same die with diagonal fracture 
under Pegasos. 
P 81. Same die as 44. Pl. IV. 
a. Berlin, grm. 8.19, 17x20 mm. (Lébbecke). 
b. London, grm. 8.35, 20\ mm., B. Ma. Cat, 46, pl 


XXIX, 4. 
c. Naples hoard, 40, 20 mm. 


48 A227. Same die. 


P 26. Same die as No. 38. Pl. IV. 
a. London, 10a, grm. 8.29, 20 mm. 


49 A 27. Same die with same fracture. 
P 38. Similar head to P 32, face shorter; 
to 1., kerykeion with short staff, to r. in the upper 
corner of incuse square A. Pl. V. 


a. Bertin, grm. 8.36, 20 mm. (Lébbecke). 


50 A 28. Similar Pegasos but second wing 
not visible, hind-legs nearer together. 

P 32. Same die as 46, large flaw over 
helmet and under neck truncation. PL: 


a. London, grm. 8.45, B. M. Cat., 48, 18x23 mm. 


51 A 28. Same die. 
P 26.- Same die as 38 (pl. IV). Pl. V. 


a. Vienna, grm. 8.32, 18 mm. 
b. The Hague, grm. 8.50, 20 mm. (Six). 


ieee COLTS” OF AMBRACIA a7) 


52 A 29. Similar Pegasos flying r., hind-legs 
more apart and fore-legs less bent. 
P 33. Same die as 49. Bieve 


a. E.T. Newell, grm. 8.04, 17x20 mm. 


53 A 29. Same die. 
P31. Same die as 44 (pl. IV).. Pia 


a. Munich, grm. 7.89, 18 mm. 


Group B 


54 <A 30. Pegasos unbridled flying r. Row 
of small feathers * in a straight line beginning 
from the edge of the wing to the r. shoulder. 

P 34. Head of Athena r., wearing Corin- 
thian helmet over neck-guard; to |., large archaic 
A, tor., in front of the helmet, strung bow. Traces 
of incuse square. Pl. V. 


Secondo ert. -o.10, 15x18 mm., B. M:Cat., 41,'Pl. 
Late, 2 avelon ir., t. 1V, p..137, 299.8 


55 <A 30. Same die. 
P 86. Similar head r., to I., large A, tor., 
ivy-leaf, incuse square. PLY. 


a. Vienna, grm. 8.13, 17 mm. 

b. Berlin, grm. 7.93, 18 mm. (Prokesch-Osten). 

Corarie erm, 6.45,°18°mm., Babelon Tr,, IV, p...126, 
269, pie CCLXXX, 8. 

d. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.19, 18 mm. 


38 THE “COLTS” OF AMER 


56 A 31. Similar Pegasos, slightly larger and 
of higher relief. The edge of the wing is not 
straight but a wavy line; the outer feathers just 
above the body point downward. 

P 84. Same die as 54. Pi. V. 


a. Berlin, grm. 8.55, 15x17 mm. (Prokesch-Osten). 

b. Berlin, grm. 8.57, 18 mm. (Prokesch-Osten). 

c. O. Ravel, grm. 8.55, 17 mm. 

The Hague, grm. 8.52, 18 mm. (Six), Babelon Tr., 
1 IV, p. 45, Alyzia, 45, pl. CCLXXII, 17. Imhoof- 
Blumer M.A., p. 47, 1.54 


& § 


57 A381. Same die. 
P 36. Similar head r.; to r., hound run- 
ning to l.; to 1., large A; incuse square. Pl. V. 


a. Berlin, grm. 8.19, 18 mm. (Lébbecke). Babelon, l.c., 
p. 111, 247, Argos. 

b. Berlin, grm. 8.26, 18 mm. (Prokesch-Osten). 

c. Paris, uncertain mints, 1106, 18 mm. 

d. G. Empedocles, grm. 8.89, 18 mm. 

e. London, grm. 8.60, 18x22 mm,, 6. ie Gare 
pl. XXVIII, 3. Babelon Tr., t2-1V. pote 3, eae 
CCLXXX, 11. Imhoof-Blumer M. A., p. 83, Argos,*4 2. 

f. Comte Chaudon de Briailles, grm. 8.36, 20 mm. 


58 <A 81. Same die. 
P 37. Similar head r.; to'l., A, to crane 
with one leg raised. Pl. V. 
a. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.30, 17 mm. 
b. O. Ravel, grm. 8.17, 18 mm. (found in Trapani), 


Num. Chr., 5th Ser., p. 4, 1926, pl. XX, 14. 
c. Berlin, grm. 8.20, 18 mm. (Prokesch-Osten). 


fee OOS OF AMBRACIA 39 


d. Glasgow, grm. 8.40, 19 mm. (Hunterian coll.). 

@. o-oncon,- erm. 6.20, 16x20 mm., B. M: Cat.,’ 5, 
uncertain mints, pl. XX XIX, 4. 

f. O Ravel, grm. 8.35, mm. 


Group C 


59 A 32. Pegasos unbridled with straight 
wing flying 1. Upper part of wing composed of 
four feathers, badly struck, only partly visible. 

P 38. Head of Athena I., wearing Corin- 
thian helmet over neck-guard, to r., strigil; under 
chin, A, all within deep incuse square, in which 
head is placed diagonally. Pl. V. 

a. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.34, 16x18 mm. 

b. Berlin, grm. 8.41, 20 mm. 

Gerson, otin..-o.00, 20 mim., -B.:M:, Cat., 52;-pl. 


ie Pk 
d. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.38, 18 mm. 


60 A 32. Same die. 
P 89. Similar to P 38 save that strigil is 
thinner. Pl, VI. 


a. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.28, 18x19 mm. 


61 A 33. Similar Pegasos flying 1. Upper 
part of wing composed of three feathers. Coarse 
style. 

hRoaO0. Similar to P39, but A tol. over 
helmet; traces of incuse square. PEEVIs 


Qe onaon, 21m. 8.36, B.-M, Cat:, 53, 15x18 mm: 


40 THE “COLTS” OF AMEBRra rs 


62 A 33. Same die. 
P 4. Similar head &, to iyi to eee on 


helmet, dancing satyr to I|., traces of incuse 
square. PE VI. 


E. T. Newell, grm. 8.19, 17x19 mm. 
E. T. Newell, grm. 8.52, 18x22 mm. 
Berlin, grm. 8.20, 18 mm. (Prokesch-Osten). 
Palermo, grm. 8.12, 18x22 mm. 
Paris, uncertain mints, 1108, 19 mm. 
O. Ravel, grm. 8.24, 18x21 mm., ex Naville XII, 
1926, 1315. 
g. Commerce, Marseilles, grm. 8.25, 21 mm. 


we Ao ss 


63 A 33. Same die. 
P42. Similar head r., dancing satyr to l. 

much larger and less sketchy. Pl. VI. 

a. Berlin, grm. 8.11, 18x23 mm. (Prokesch-Osten). 

b.. London, grm, 8.42,.20 mm.,.-Bl ot. Catw27 pe 
XXVIII, 8. Babelon Tr., IV, p. 135, 292, pl. CCLXXXI, 
14,55 

c. Munich, grm. 8.44, 20 mm. 

d. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.25, 18x21 mm. 

e. G.Empedocles, grm. 8.32, 20 mm. 

f. Hoyt Miller, grm. 8.57, 18x20 mm. 


Group D 


64 A 34. Pegasos flying 1.; body and espe- 
cially hind-quarters very large. Head and wing 
small; beneath, A. 

P 48. Head of Athena r. as on die P 42. 

To I., naked winged male figure, standing facing, 
head tor., holding taenia in both hands (Eros?).*® 
Pi. VI. 


Piel >” OF AMBRACIA Al 


d- -onden, etm. 8.55, 18x22 mm., B, M. Cat., 31,. pl. 
DX VIL ty 

b. G. Empedocles, grm. 8.35, 20 mm., Cat. Sotheby, 
1920, 57. 

Gelondon, prm. $.36, 20 mm., B. M: Cat., 32. 

@.earis, stm. 4.55, 18x21°mm., Babelon Tr:, t. IV, p. 
tips orp. COL XXX, 18. 


65 A 85. Similar Pegasos to |. better propor- 

tioned, head and neck larger; beneath, A. 
eee ericad of Athena !., to r., small 

plump owl facing. Pl. VI. 

a. Cambridge, grm. 8.28, 20 mm., Cat. McClean, 5118, 
pl. 186, 3.57 ; 

b. Berlin, grm. 8.22, 22 mm. (Prokesch-Osten). 

c. The Hague, grm. 8.45, 22 mm. (Six). 

d. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.52, 18x22 mm. 

ener avel, grim. 8.35, 19x22 mm:, ex Naville XII, 
1926, 1315. 

f. Cat. de Sartiges, 296, 20 mm. 


60.2 °4°85... Same die. 
P 43. Same die as 64. Pl. VI. 


a. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.21, 15x21 mm. 


67 A 386. Pegasos flying r., edge of the wing 
parallel to the body; beneath, A. 
| P45. Same head as on die P 43, to I. 
large fly. Pigs. 


a. Cambridge, grm. 8.70, 19 mm., Cat. McClean coll., 
5106, pl. 185, 11.59 , 


42 THE “COLTS” OGF-AMBIVAG a 


68 <A 36. Same die. 
P46. Same head f, to L-Craeeiaw an 
the upper corner of incuse square. Pi. VI. 


a. London, grm. 8.56, 15x18 mm., B. M. Cat., 22, pl. 


XXVIII, 4. 
b. Paris, grm. 8.57, 20 mm., Babelon Tr., t. IV, p. 182, 


287 Di. CULX ie, 
c. Naples hoard, 36, 21 mm. 
d. Cat. de Sartiges, 297, 21 mm. 


69 A 36. Same die. 
P 47. Same head r., to 1., large owl almost 
facing. Linear fracture over Athena’s neck and 


chin. Pl. VI. 


Glasgow, grm. 8.45, 18x21 mm. (Hunterian coll.). 


a. 
b. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.42, 18x22 mm. 
c. Dr. E. P. Robinson, Newport. 
d. Hirsch 1909, XXV, 1148 (Philipsen), grm. 8.40, 
22 mm. 


70 <A 386. Same die. 
P 48. Similar head of Athena l., to r., 
owl to l. Pl. VI. 


a. Vienna, grm. 8.50, 19 mm. 
b. Munich, grm. 8.78, 21 mm. 

c. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.28, 19 mm. 

d. O. Ravel, grm. 8.56, 21 mm. 

e. Egger, 1908, 497, grm. 8.45, 18x22 mm. 

f. Naville VI, 1924 (Bement coll.), 964, grm. 8.45, 


g. Naville XII, 1926, 1314, grm. 8.48, 21 mm, 
h. G. Empedocles, grm. 8.45, 18x24 mm. 

1. G. Empedocles, grm. 8.30, 17x21 mm. 

j. Commerce, Marseilles, grm. 8.40, 20 mm. 


Pie COLTS’.OF AMBRACIA 43 


71.-A 36. Same die. 
feo eoame ead 1;, tor. small owl to |. 
Pl. VII. 


a. Brussels, grm. 8.05, 18x20 mm. 
Pree oneon wiim,.6.50, 20 mm., B.°M.. Cat.,14,, pl. 
AAVIT, 11. 
Berlin, grm. 8.29, 20 mm. (Prokesch-Osten). 
Berlin, grm. 8.30, 22 mm. (Imhoof-Blumer). 
Naples hoard, 34, 22 mm. 
G. Empedocles, grm. 8.45, 18x22 mm. 
Hoyt Miller, grm. 8.35, 23x19 mm. 
Naville V, 1923, grm. 8.45, 18x20 mm. 
Commerce, Paris, grm. 8.05, 20 mm. 


Ses Oak Ga S 


72 A 87. Similar Pegasos, but smaller; be- 
neath, A. 
P45. Same die as 67. Pl. VII. 


ie wongon,  2tin. 6.00, 18 mm., B. M.. Cat.,.-53a. 
Bavelon or. t 1V, p. 134, 288, pl. CCLXXXI, 10.8 

Goeen Ne’ Harue, erm, 8.50, 23 mm. (Six). 

c. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.41, 20 mm. 


73 A 87. Same die. 
P 46. Same die as 68. Flaw larger. 
PieVile 


Copenhagen, grm. 8.63, 17x20 mm. 

Munich, grm. 8.04, 22 mm. 

Paris, uncertain mints, 1104, 21 mm. 

Naville, 1920 (Pozzi), 1748, ex Egger, 1908, 498, 
grm, 8.60, 19 mm. 


aa o8 


44 .'THE “COLTS”. OF Amphoe 


74 A 87. Same die. 
P 47. Same die as 69. Pil. VII. 


a. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.44, 16x20 mm, 

b. London, grm. 8.43, 21 mm; Bi Me Cat, 15, pi 
ROVE Age 

c. Berlin, grm. 8.50, 22 mm. (L6bbecke). 

d. Berlin, 255, grm. 8.40, 18x21 mm. 

e. O. Ravel, grm. 8.39, 20x23 mm., ex Naville VI, 
1924 (Bement), 965. 

f. Egger, 1906, 348, grm. 8.58, 19 mm. 

g. Egger, 1908, 496, grm. 8.40, 20 mm. 

h. Cat. de Sartiges, 295, 20 mm. 

zt. Hirsch 1914, XXXIV, 407, grm. 8.45, 20 mm. 


Group E 


75 A388. Pegasos unbridled flying r.; be- 
neath, A. Upper part of the wing composed of 
five feathers, the first pointed, the others rounded. 

P 50. Small head of Athena r., wearing 
Corinthian helmet over neck-guard, tol., &, all 
within wreath of ivy-leaves with berries. 


Pl. VII. 
E. T. Newell, grm. 7.45, 22 mm. 
Sir C.. W. C, Oman; 22 mim 
Dr. Petzalis, 20 mm. 
Dr. Bernhard, grm. 8.20, 22 mm. 


eee ais 


76 A389. Similar Pegasos r. Same wing, 
body larger; beneath, AM. 
P 1. ‘Similar head ty to 1. ea 
AMITPAKIQTAN (retrograde). PL Va: 
a. London, grm. 8.31, 18x25 mm., B. M. Cat., 3, pl. 


XXVII, 2. Babelon Tr., t. 1V, p: 127, 275, Dis eee 
13. 


THE “COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 4s 


b. Paris, grm. 7.96, 19 mm. 

c. Berlin, grm. 8.35, 21 mm. (Imhoof-Blumer). 

d. G. Empedocles, Athens, grm. 8.02, 18x21 mm., 
Cat. Naville XII, 1926, 1311. 

epeeaitecie ss XL, 1912-379, orm. 8.46, 21 mm. 

f. E. T. Newell, ex Naville, V, 1923, 2128, grm. 8.34, 
20 mm. 

g. Naville V, 1923, 2129, grm. 8.61, 18x21 mm. 

h. O. Ravel, grm. 8.15, 17x25 mm. 


77 A 89. Same die. 
P 52. - Similar head r., but larger; to 1. 
spike-fish (Scorpena), to r. in front of the helmet 
AM. | Pl. VII. 


a. Berlin, grm. 8.20, 20 mm. (Prokesch-Osten). 


78 A40. Similar Pegasos but flying 1.; be- 
neath, AM. 

feo. Carver head -of Athena -r.,- to: |. 

lion’s head in profile to r., its tongue out; to r. 


dhe ee a Pl. VII. 


a. Paris, grm. 8.45, 23 mm., Babelon Tr., t. IV, p. 131, 
282, pl. CCLXXXI, 4. 

b. Munich, grm. 8.54, 22 mm. 

c. Berlin, grm. 8.36, 20 mm., 28638. 


79 A440. Same die. 
P 54. Probably same die as previous, to 
r., in the place of the II, a locust facing I. 
a. Cat. de Sartiges, 298, pl. XVII, 20 mm. 
4 


46 THE “COLTS”® OF AMBRACI 


80 A 39. Same die as 76. 
P 54. Same die. Pl. VII. 


a. Paris, grm. 8.45, 19 mm. 


Group F 


81 A 41. Pegasos unbridled flying 1. Head 
large, slightly bent, and almost facing; upper part 
of the wing composed of six feathers; beneath, A. 

P 55. Small head of Athena r., wearing 
Corinthian helmet over neck-guard; to 1. thunder- 
bolt. Linear frame (?) within deep incuse square. 

Pl. VII. 
a. Copenhagen, grm. 8.19, 20 mm. 


b. Hoyt Miller, grm. 7.52, 18x23 mm. 
c. Paris, uncertain mints, 1124, 20 mm. 


82 Al. Same die. 
P 56. Similar head r., slightly larger; to 
1. thunderbolt, the upper part shaped like lily-bud, 
the lower part with two volutes curled outwards 
and three waved flame lines, as on certain coins of 
Olympia.® All within incuse square, without 
linear frame. Pl. VII. 
a. Berlin, grm.-8.32, 21 mm. (Lébbecke). 


b. Paris, grm. 8.35, 18x21 mm., Babelon Tr., t. IV, p. 
126, 274, pl: CCE XXX 12: 


83 A 41. Same die. 
P 57.. Large head of Athena 1.; to r. small 
K and vertical:thunderbolt, the upper part with 


ie? COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 47 


two volutes, a central dart and two waved flame 


lines (cf. No. 87a). Pl. VIII. 
a. Naples hoard, 42, 21 mm. 


84 A441. Same die. 
P58. Very small head of Athena |. within 
laurel-wreath. Pl. VHI. 


a. Berlin, grm. 8.52, 22 mm. (Prokesch-Osten). 


85 Addl. Same die. 
P 59. Same but on helmet A. Probably 
from the same die as previous, the civic initial 
having been cut afterwards. Pl. VIII. 


a. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.16, 21 mm. 
b. Egger, 1912, Prowe, 1059, grm. 8.56, 21 mm. 


86 A 41. Same die. 
eos oinimiar to P58, tor, small vertical 
thunderbolt. Pl. VIII. 
a. Berlin, grm. 8.25, 21 mm. (Prokesch-Osten). 
b. G. Empedocles, grm. 7.65, 18x20 mm. 
6 wavitte 1, 1920 (Pozzi); 1733, grm. 8:26, 18x20 
mm., ex Egger, 1908, 502. 


87 A442. Similar Pegasos flying 1. The 
upper part of the wing is composed of seven 
feathers; beneath, A. 

P 57. Same die as 83. Pl. VIII. 


E. T. Newell, grm. 8.37, 21 mm. 
Athens, grm. 8.11, 20 mm. 

Paris, grm. 8.25, 20 mm. 

G. Empedocles, grm. 8.43, 21 mm. 


SS Se 


48 THE * COLTS” OF Anip hoes 


88 A 42. Same die. 
P 60. Same die as 86. Pl. VIII. 


a. London, grm. 8.40, 20 mmi~ By Bee Carano! 
XXIX, 7. Babelon Tr., t. IV, p. 139, 303, pl. CCLXXXI, 
3 


b. Berlin, grm. 8.31, 21 mm. (Imhoof-Blumer). 
c. Copenhagen, grm. 8.28, 20 mm. 

d. Dr. Bernhard, grm. 8.28, 21 mm. 

e. Coll. Godefroy, Paris, grm. 8.12, 20 mm. 

O. Ravel, grm. 8.15, 18x21 mm., from Ratto, 1923, 
IIT, 640; pl. VII; 9: 


on 


89 A 43. Similar Pegasos, upper part of the 
wing composed of only six feathers, the third the 
longest; beneath, A. 

P 60. Same die. Pl. VIII. 


a. S. P. Noe, grm. 8.05, 18 mm. 


IV PERrIop, FRoM 404 To 360 B.C. 


Group A 


90 A 44. Pegasos unbridled, with straight 
wing, flying 1. Head in profile, raised, with both 
ears visible; beneath, A. 

P61. Head of Athena |. wearing Corin- 
thian helmet over neck-guard on which small A: 
under chin, A; to upper left, A, to r., ™ and 
spear-head. Pl. VIII. 


a. O. Ravel, grm. 8.47, 20x23 mm., ex Naville, XII, 


1926, 1318. 
b. Berlin, grm. 8.10, 19 mm. (Imhoof-Blumer). 


eee ee OLS 7 OF AMBRACIA 49 


c. London, grm. 8.29, 18 mm., B. M. Cat., 44.’ Babelon 
Tig te 1Virm: 139;°308. 5 

d. Vienna, grm. 8.47, 17 mm. 

e. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.66, 18x23 mm. 

Poe iuttoiey vee. Oman, Oxtord:. 

g. Coll. Godefroy, Paris, grm. 8.70, 17 mm., Nur, 
Chr., 5th Series, 1926, p. 4, pl. XX, n. 13. 

h. Mrs. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.22, 19 mm. 


91 A 44. Same die. 
P 62. Similar, but spear-head is larger. 
Pl. VIII. 


a. Munich, grm. 8.43, 18x22 mm., ex Egger, 1908, 501. 


92 A444. Same die. Some specimens show 
several flaws under the Pegasos, two linear ones 
near the A. The civic letter looks therefore like 
the monogram of Anactorium.®** 

P68. Head of Athena r. wearing over 
neck-guard Corinthian helmet on which A. Tol. 
grasshopper (Grillus campestris). Pl, VIII. 


a. G. Empedocles, grm. 8.45, 19 mm. 

b. Athens, grm. 8.20, 20x22 mm. 

c. Copenhagen, grm. 8.10, 21 mm., from the Cat. 
Hirsch, XXXIV, 1914, 409. 

d. Paris, “‘Uncertain Mints,’ n. 1113, 21 mm. 

e. Hoyt Miller, grm. 8.11, 21 mm. 

f. O. Ravel, grm. 8.25, 19 mm., found near Catania, 
Num. Chr., 5th Ser., 1926, p. 4, pl. X XI, 1. 

Pom titrach 44; 1911 (Barron coll.);.536, grm. 8.29, 
20 mm. Anactorium. 

h. Hoyt Miller, 20x23 mm. 


50 THE “COLTS” OF} AME RAL 


93 A 44. Same die, same flaws. 

P64. Similar head r. in higher relief, 
neck-guard larger, under truncation of neck AH, 
to r. large <, to l., S and branch of thistle.® 

Pl. VIII. 


a. London, grm. 8.37, 18-mm., B. M. Cat., 3, Anac- 
torium, pl. XXXI, 3. Babelon Tr., t. IV, p. 91, 194, pl. 
CCUXXVITIAT® 

b. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.57, 19 mm. 

c. O. Ravel, grm. 8.20, 21 mm., pl. VIII. Num. Chr., 
5th Ser., 1926, p. 4, pl. X XI, 2. 

d. Egger, 1908, 508, grm. 8.60, 17 mm. (Anactorium). 

e. W. Gedney Beatty, New York, grm. 8.35. 


904 A 44. Same die, same flaws. 

P 65. Similar head of Athena r.; beneath 
truncation of neck HA, to 1. &, below which Pan 
with goat’s head and legs r. carrying a branch over 
his shoulder, before him, under his left elbow a 
very small A, tor. <&. Pl. IX. 


a. London, grm. 8.48, 19 mm., B. M. Cat., 1, Anac- 
torium, pl. XXXI, 1. Babelon Tr., t. IV, p. 91, 193, pl. 
CCLXXVII, 20.8 

b. London, grm. 8.42, 18 mm, op. c., 2, pl. XXXI, 2. 
Babelon, same plate, 21. 

c. Berlin, grm. 8.35, 18 mm. (Imhoof-Blumer). 

d. Berlin, grm. 8.43, 19 mm. (Prokesch-Osten). 

e. O. Ravel, Marseilles, grm. 8.45, 19 mm., f. the 
Canessa sale, 1922, 438, pl. XX; Num. Chr., 5th Ser., 
1926, p. 4, pl. XXI, 3. 


pre VOLTS” OF AMBRACIA 51 


95. A 44. Same die, same flaws. 
t.06 oimilar head of Athena r., but 
larger; to 1. NA, to r., Pan’s head in profile to I. 
Pl. IX. 


Berlin, grm. 8.34, 20x22 mm. (Prokesch-Osten). 
Berlin, grm. 8.21, 20 mm. 

E. T. Newell, grm. 8.38, 20 mm. 

O. Ravel, grm. 8.78, 21 mm. 

Commerce, Paris (very poor), 20 mm. 


san oe 


96 A 44. Same die. 
P67. Similar head; the symbol is nearer 
the helmet. _ Pl. IX. 
a. Berlin, grm. 8.47, 19x21 mm. (Imhoof-Blumer). 


97 A445. Similar Pegasos slightly smaller, 
and small feathers shorter. 
Poor Same die as 92. Pl. IX. 


a. London, grm. 8.42, 19 mm., Cat. Weber Coll., 3830. 


Group B 


98 <A 46. Pegasos, unbridled, flying r.; be- 
neath, A. Head small, slightly bent and almost 
facing, body long and thin, tail exceptionally long 
and wavy; the top of the curve is even with the 
fourth feather of the wing. The A, visible on 
some specimens, is gradually obliterated. 

P64. Same die as 93. Pl. IX. 


a. O. Ravel, grm. 7.15, 20 mm. (overcleaned specimen). 


52 


THE “COLTS” OF AMBRACEA 


99 A 46. Same die. 


a2 os 


Phe 


P66. Same die as 94. . Pl. IX. 


Berlin, grm. 8.40, 21 mm. (Prokesch-Osten). 
Berlin, grm. 8.27, 22 mm. (Imhoof-Blumer). 
Athens, grm. 8.40, 23 mm. 

E. T. Newell, grm. 8.04, 21 mm. 

O. Ravel, grm. 7.95, 19x24 mm. 


100 A 46. Same die. 


P68. AMIIPAKIOTAN around to 1.; 


head of Athena 1., the eye of the goddess almost 
full-face; to r., tripod. Pl. IX. 


ot 


he Seca OR OTH Fe By SS 


O. Ravel, grm. 8.35, 21 mm. 

Berlin, grm. 8.41, 21 mm. (Lébbecke). 

Berlin, grm. 8.36, 22 mm. (Imhoof-Blumer). 

Berlin, grm. 8.27, 20 mm., 28633. 

Cambridge, grm. 8.23, 21 mm., Cat. McClean coll., 


, pl. 185, 18. 


Milan, Castello Sforzesco, 21 mm. 

The Hague, grm. 8.25, 22 mm. 

Hoyt Miller, grm. 8.42, 24 mm. 

Hirsch XXXIV, 405, grm. 8.35, 20 mm. 
Naville V, 1923, 2130, grm. 8.23, 20 mm. 


101 A 46. Same die. 


P69. AMITPAKIOTAN ee, ae es 


head similar to 100; tor., flaming torch. 


da. 


Pl. IX. 
O. Ravel, grm. 8.44, 21 mm., ex Hirsch XXV, 1909, 


1147 (Philipsen). 


b. 
C. 


Dr. Petzalis, Athens, 20x22 mm. 
Egger, 1908, 505, grm. 8.15, 21 mm. 


fe COLTS OF AMBRACIA 53 


102 A 47. Similar Pegasos r. Head in pro- 
file, tail shorter—does not pass the level of the 


hind-quarters; beneath, A. 
P70. AMIIPAKIQTAN around to l1.: 
same head, to r., lyre (chelys). Pl. IX. 


a. Vienna, grm. 8.30, 19 mm. 

b. Athens, grm. 8.31, 21 mm. 

*c. Paris, grm. 8.40, 20 mm., Babelon Tr., t. IV, p. 129, 
pl. CCLXXX, 18. 


103 A 47. Same die. 
P69. Same die as 101. Pl. IX. 


Berlin, grm. 8.55, 24x30 mm. (Imhoof-Blumer). 
Berlin, grm. 8.46, 22 mm. (Lébbecke). 

Brussels, grm. 8.50, 21 mm. 

Naples, Santangelo, 10317, 21 mm. 

The Hague, grm. 8.20, 21 mm. (Six). 

Hoyt Miller, grm. 8.16, 20x25 mm. 

Ratto, III, 1923, 639, pl. VII, grm. 8.50, 20x24 
. (coin pierced). 


Bm >As anos 


104 A 47. Same die. 
=P 68. Sammie die‘as 100. Pl. IX. 
a. Brussels, grm. 8.25, 23 mm. 
Peoondgn .<rn. 6.0/7, 19 min:, B; M. Cat., 7, pl. 
XXVII, 6. 


105 <A 48. Pegasos, unbridled, flyingr. Body 
short and plump, edge of the wing curved, long 
feathers slightly bent towards the tail, A beneath. 

P70. Same die as 102. Pl. IX. 


54 THE “COLTS” OF ANB RavGre 


E. T. Newell, grm. 8.13, 21 mm. 
Berlin, grm. 8.51, 19 mm., 28784. 
Berlin, grm. 8.47, 18x21 mm, (Fox). 
Copenhagen, grm. 7.89, 20 mm. 
. Cambridge, grm. 8.31, 18x22 mm., Cat. McClean 
coll., 5111, pl. 185, 16. 

f. Munich, grm. 8.53, 18x22 mm. 

g. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.45; 19 mm. 

h. London, grm. 8.40, 23 mm., B. M. Gat... 8, pl 
po, O'S § Pere 

i. Hoyt Miller, grm. 7.76, 22 mm. 

j. Sotheby, 1921, 244, 20 mm. 

h. Naville XII, 1926, 1312, grm. 7.00, 19 mm. (over- 
cleaned). 


SAO os 


106 A 48. Same die. 

P71. AMBPAKIQTAN around to Il. 
Same head |., but smaller, eye almost full-face. 
Behind, to r., girl clad in long chiton, standing I. 
near a kottabos pole which she holds with her 1. 
hand. With her r. hand she is about to seize the 
traoTeyé at the end of the pole (64 Béos xorTa BiKn). 
The pole has at the lower end a stand formed of 
three legs and at about half-way up between the 
foot and the top there is a xortaPeuov. Pl. X. 

a. Berlin, grm. 8.49, 21 mm., 7175. 

b. Berlin, grm. 8.17, 18x22 mm. (Prokesch-Osten). 

c. Cambridge, grm. 8.40, 19x22 mm., ex Hirsch XVIII, 
1907, 2397, Cat. McClean coll., 5115, pl. 185, 20 (coin 
pierced). 

d. London, grm. 8.45, 20 mm., B. M. Cat. 3, po. 
XXVII, 4. 


e. Munich, grm. 8.44, 20 mm. 
f. Vienna, grm. 8.48, 19 mm. 


Pies COUTTS” OF AMBRACIA 55 


Pa aris) erm 6.46, 20 mm:,' Babelon Tr., t. IV, p. 
£30,216; pl. CCLXX™X, 14. 

iower aris, prim, 5.50, 21x23 mm., J. Babelon Cat. Coll. 
de Luynes, 1887, pl. LX XI.® 

t. Naples, Fiorelli, 6801, 20x22 mm. 

j. The Hague, grm. 7.90, 20x22 mm. 

k. Hoyt Miller, grm. 8.29, 21 mm. 

l. Cat. de Sartiges, pl. XVI, 294, 20 mm. 

m. Hirsch XXI, 1908 (Consul Weber), 1830, grm. 
8.42, 20 mm. 

n. Ratto, 1909, 2194, grm. 8.44, 20 mm. 


107 A 48. Same die. 
P72. .AMITPAKIQTAN around to Il. 
Similar head 1.; to r. uncertain symbol. 


a. Ratto, 1927, 1096, grm. 8.27, 22 mm., ex Navilie V, 
ODS eo bode 


108 A 49. Similar Pegasos r. Edge of the 
wing less rounded, on hind-quarters archaic A; 
beneath, A. 

Peieeoame die as 106: Pl, X. 

a. O. Ravel, grm. 8.30, 20 mm:, ex Bement Coll., Na- 


ville, VI, 1924, 963, and Hirsch, XX XI, 1912, 380. Num. 
Chr., 1926, p. 4, pl. XX, 9. 


109 A450. Pegasos as on A 43, flying |., wing 
larger, feathers wider; beneath, A. 

P73. Similar to P 72; letters differently 

placed. Pi: X; 


a. Commerce Naples, grm. 7.95, 20 mm. 


56 THE “COLTS” OF AMBRAGCIS 


110 Adi. Pegasos flying r., similar to 103, 
upper edge of the wing parallel to the body, small 
feathers slanting downwards; beneath, A. 

P73. Same die. Pi. X. 


O. Ravel, grm. 8.43, 18x22 mm. 
Berlin, grm, 8.26, 19 mm. (Danneberg). 
Berlin, grm. 8.45, 17x20 mm. (Lébbecke). 

d. Brussels, grm. 8.10, 20 mm. 

e. Cambridge, grm. 8.05, 21 mm., McClean coll., 
S112. pl 18517 

f. Copenhagen, grm. 8.33, 17x21 mm. 

g. London, grm. 7.78, 18x23:mm., By Mi, Cat i: 

h. London, grm. 8.29, 20 mami. BoM Cates .Or 
XXVII, 9. 

zt. Naples, 19 mm., Fiorelli, 6803. 

j. Paris, grm. 8.15, 19 mm., Babelon Tr., t. IV, p. 
130, 279, pl, CCL XXX, 19: 

Paris, grm. 8.27, 20x25 mm. 

The Hague, grm. 7.70, 20 mm. (Six). 
. Vienna, grm. 8.79, 18x21 mm. 

G. Empedocles, grm. 8.44, 22 mm. 

Hoyt Miller, grm. 7.57, 18x22 mm. 

E. T. Newell, grm. 8.49, 18x21 mm. 

E. T. Newell, grm. 8.35, 16x22 mm. 

Cat. W. de Moltheim, 1293, grm. 8.30,°° 20 mm. 

Hirsch XIII, 1905 (Rhousopoulos), 2348, grm. 8.12, 
20 mm. 

t. Hirsch XXVI, 1910, 516, grm. 8.45, 20 mm. 

u. Hirsch XXXIV, 1914, 406, grm. 8.46, 20x22 mm. 


9's 8 


2X82 ORY SE 


111 A 52. Similar Pegasos r. but smaller; 
beneath, large A. 
P74. Similar head |., eye of the goddess 


still full-face; to r. fore-part of a butting bull tol. 
Pi, X. 


THE “COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 57 


a. Vienna, grm. 8.48, 17 mm. 

b. Berlin, grm. 8.24, 18 mm. (Lébbecke). 

Golconnon, orm. 5.48, 21 mm., B.' M.. Cat., 18, pl. 
fey et ee eapelon Ir t. iV, p. 131,280, pl. CCLXXXT, 
oh 


d. The Hague, grm. 8.50, 16x20 mm. (Six). 


112 A52. Same die. 
P75. Similar head 1|., no symbol visible. 
Pl, X. 


a. Vienna, grm. 8.31, 18x22 mm. 


113° A 52. Same die. 
P76. ‘Large head of Athena r. of quite 
different style; to r., A, to l., prow. Traces of 
incuse square. Plex. 


a. Berlin, grm. 8.52, 20 mm. (Prokesch-Osten). 

oy oncon, erm. 8.49, 21 mm., B. M. Cat.,. 39, pl. 
> 2a bas B 

c. London; erm. 8.18, 20 mm., B. M. Cat., 40. 

d. Berlin, grm. 8.19, 19 mm. (Imhoof-Blumer). 

e. Cambridge, grm. 8.44, 18 mm., Cat. McClean, 5109, 
pl. 185, 14. 

f. Copenhagen, grm. 8.62, 19 mm. 

g. Glasgow, Hunterian coll., 19 mm. 

h. Munich, grm. 8.40, 18x22 mm. 

4, Paris, erm. 8.52, 18 mm., Babelon Tr., t. IV, p. 138, 
Ue DL OULA Ak, 20,79 
Vienna, grm. 8.43, 18 mm. 
E. T. Newell, grm. 8.16, 22 mm. 
O. Ravel, grm. 7.96, 21 mm. 
Hirsch XXX, 1911, 530, grm. 8.53, 19 mm. 
Naville V, 1923, 2134, grm. 8.20, 18 mm. 
Naville XII, 1926, 1316, grm. 8.51, 18 mm. 


os 3S Hey. 


58 THE “COLTS® OF AMBrRAGa 


114 A452. Same die. 
P77. Head of Athena as on die P 73, 
but ethnic is omitted; symbol off-flan. 


a. Naville I, 1920 (Pozzi), 1746, grm. 8.45, 19 mm. 


Group C 


115 A 53. Pegasos unbridled, flying!. First 
feather of the small feathers pointed and extend- 
ing beyond the edge of the wing; upper part of the 
wing composed of seven feathers. 

P71. Same die as 106. Pix: 


a. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.33, 16x18 mm. 


116 A 5&3. Same die. 

P 78. Head of Athena r. wearing neck- 
guard under Corinthian helmet, on which, A; tol. 
youthful river-god Arachthos, naked, horned, 
seated to r. on bull’s head facing, clasping hands 
round |. knee; over the god’s head APAT. ... 


Pl. X. 
a. Berlin, grm. 8.34, 16 mm. (Lébbecke). 
b. Cambridge, grm. 8.21, 17 mm., Cat. McClean, 5105, 
pl. 1385)10;"4 
c. O. Ravel, grm. 8.40, 19 mm. 
d. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.17. 


117 A 58. Same die. 
P79. Head of Athena r., helmet very 
small; to l., A, to r. naked bearded hero, wearing 
conical pilos and armed with sword and oval 


shield. Pl. X. 


ieee COlUrs” OF AMBRACIA 59 


a. Berlin, grm. 8.33, 18 mm. (Fox). 

b. Berlin, grm. 7.96, 19 mm. (Imhoof-Blumer). 

c. Cambridge, grm. 8.28, 20 mm., Cat. McClean, 5104, 
pl. 185, 9. 

d. Vienna, grm. 8.06, 17x23 mm. 

e. Vienna, grm. 8.34, 18 mm. 

f. de Loye, Nimes, 18 mm. 

g. Hoyt Miller, grm. 7.70, 17x21 mm. (coin pierced). 


118 A 53. Same die. 
P 80. Head of Athena r. wearing Corin- 
thian helmet on which A, to r. a locust facing 1. 
(apvow).74 Pl. XI. 
a. eonaon, gra, &.36, 21:mm., B..M. Cat., 25. 


b. Munich, grm. 8.16, 17x20 mm. 
c. Egger, 1908, 499, grm. 8.45, 15x20 mm. 


119 A 4&3. Same die. 
P 81. Head of Athena r. wearing Corin- 
thian helmet over neck-guard on which A; to l. 
Gorgon’s head facing with protruding tongue, 
disposed sideways, tongue towards the neck- 
guard (et pl.. X1),.133). Pl. XI. 


a. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.25, 18 mm. 


120 A 53. Same die. | 
Pooeettiead of Athena r.+ in front. a 
flying male figure (Eros?) is binding an olive- 
wreath round helmet, on which A (cf. pl. XII, 
129). Pl, XI. 


a. The Hague, grm. 7.05, 18x21 mm. (Six). 
b. Naville V, 1923, 2133, grm. 8.21, 20 mm. 


60 THE “COLTS OF AME 


c. W. Gedney Beatty Coll., ex Naville I, 1920 (Pozzi), 
1750, and, Egger, 1908, 500, grm. 8.40, 16x21 mm. 
d. J. Mavrogordato, grm. 8.09, 21 mm. 


121 A 54. Similar Pegasos, but larger, flying 
l. Head slightly bent, almost facing; archaic A 
on hind-quarters. aS 
P71. Same die as 106. Pl. XI. 
a. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.39, 20 mm. 


b. Paris, grm. 8.40, 20 mm., Babelon Tr., t. IV, p. 130, 
276," pl. CCLXXX, 16; 


122 A 54. Same die. 

P 83. WHead of Athena r. wearing neck- 
guard under Corinthian helmet, on which A; tor. 
TOPTO2. To 1. male, naked figure, wearing 
conical pilos and supporting himself on long staff 
in his |. hand) (Civ pix Paes 


a. Hirsch XIII, 1905 (Rhousopoulos), 2356, grm. 8.31, 
23 mm. 


123 A d4. Same die. 
P 78a. Same die as PF oie eee 
116). The inscription APAT... over the 
god’s head has been erased and replaced by 
APAOQOOZ2 in front of Athena’s face. Pl. XI. 


a. Berlin, grm. 8.35, 19 mm. 

b. London, grm. 8.45, 20 mm., B. M. Cat., 28. 

c. E. P. Robinson, Newport. 

d. Hirsch, 1908, XXI (Consul Weber), 1832, grm.8. 13, 
21 mm. 

e. Ratto, 1909, 2287, grm. 8.50, 18 mm. 

f. Sotheby, 1920, 57, 20 mm. 


Dee Lt SY OF “AMBRACIA 61 


124 Ad5d4. Same die. 

P 84. AMIITPAKIQTAN around to 1. 
Head of Athena |. as on die P 71, eye almost full- 
face. Tor. youthful naked male figure, wearing 
Corinthian helmet, standing |. with his r. hand 
raised to his head, long curls falling over neck. 
(Cf. 125f, the only specimen with the complete 
figure.) @ Pl. XI. 


ad. Berlin, grm. 7.53, 19 mm. (Imhoof-Blumer). 


125 A 55. Similar Pegasos flying 1., but 
smaller, head in profile and raised. Upper part 
of the wing composed of five large feathers; on 


hind-quarters, archaic A. 
P 84. Same die. Pl. XI. 


a. E.T. Newell, grm. 8.41, 20 mm., ex Egger, 1908, 495. 

b. Berlin, grm. 8.34, 17x20 mm. (Lébbecke). 

c¢. Copenhagen, grm. 8.16, 20 mm., Hirsch, 1909, XXV 
(Philipsen), 1146. 

dateongon, erm, 8.23, 21 mm., B: M. Cat., 6, pl: 
Moy it, oe abelon ir,, t. IV, p. 130, 227, pl. CCLXXX, 
17.73 

e. O. Ravel, grm. 7.95, 20 mm. 

f. Paris, 21x22 mm. (de Rothschild, 2686). 


126 Ad5d5. Same die. 
P 78a. Same die as 123. Pl. XI. 


a. O. Ravel, grm. 8.34, 20 mm. (found near Catania), 
Num. Chr., 1926, p. 4, pl. XX, 10. 

b. Berlin, grm. 7.59 (worn), 20 mm. (Imhoof-Blumer). 

c. Copenhagen, grm. 7.77 (worn), 18 mm, 


62 THE “COLTS” OF Aaipeee 


d. London, grm. 8.30, 20,mm:,-B: Ma Cat. 26, pi. 
XXVIII,9. Babelon Tr., t. IV, p. 135, 293, pl. CCLXXXI, 
15: 

e. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.34, 20 mm., ex Sotheby, 1920, 
57; 

f. Cat. de Sartiges, 299, 19x22 mm, 

g. Naville VI, 966 (Bement), grm. 8.34, 20 mm. 


127--A’65. “Sameaie 
P 83... Same die as 122. 


a. Paris, grm. 8.45, 16x20 mm., Babelon Tr., t. IV, p. 
1315-2813 CCL Xe Pl. XI. 


128 A455. Same die. 

P 85. Head of Athena r. similar to P 83 
with A on the helmet, to |. youthful winged, 
naked, male figure riding dolphin to r. his hands 
clasped round left knee. Pl. XI. 


a. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.43, 16x20 mm., ex Hirsch 
XXXI, 1912, 389. 


129 A 65. Same die: 
P 82. Same die as 120. 


a. O. Ravel, grm. 8.48, 20x23 mm., ex Hirsch XXX, 
1911, 527, and Ratto, 1912, 692. “Num. Chi 1726555, 
Si2plakox, 11; Pl. XI. 

b. Berlin, grm. 8.09, 18 mm. (Lébbecke). 

c. Copenhagen, grm. 7.97 (Worn), 17 mm. 

d. London, grm. 8.36, 18x21 mm., B. M. Cat., 26, 
pl. XXVIII, 7. Babelon Trt. Vi pe aod eee 
GCIEXEM Ie 83, | Pl. XII. 

e. The Hague, grm. 7.05 (very worn), Six. 

f. G. Empedocles, grm. 8.33, 20 mm. 


eee COV ro: OF AMBRACIA 63 


130 A455. Same die. 
P 80. Same die as 118. Pl. XII. 


a. London, grm. 8.45, 18x22 mm., B. M. Cat., 24, 
Piste. = Babelon: Tr., t: IV, p.. 135, 290, pl. 
CCLXXXI, 12.% 

b. Munich, grm. 8.16, 21 mm. 

c. Hirsch XXV, 1909 (Philipsen), 1150, grm. 8.07, 
20 mm. 

d. Sotheby, 1921, 20 mm. 


131 A545’ Same die. 
Peg aoame die'as 119. Pl. XII. 


a. Berlin, grm. 8.36, 20 mm. (Lébbecke). 


132° .A 55:) Same die. 
P79. Same die as 117. — Pl. XID.” 


a. QO. Ravel, grm. 8.36, 18 mm., Num. Chr., 1926, p. 


Si 2p Lag Ds hey bes 
b. Copenhagen, grm. 7.10 (very worn), 18 mm., ex 
Hirsch, XXXIV, 1914, 410. 


133 A 56. Similar Pegasos, flying r., on hind- 
quarters A. 
P 81. Same die as 119. Pl. XII. 


a. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.41, 18 mm. 
b. Naville, 1920 (Pozzi), 1783, ex Hirsch XXXI, 1912, 


393, grm. 8.35, 19 mm. 


134 A956. Same die. 
P79, *Same-die.as 117. Pl. XII. 


a. Berlin, grm. 8.09, 17 mm. (Prokesch-Osten). 


64 THE “COLTS” OF VASE RAGA 


V PERIOD, FROM 360 To 338 B.C. 


Group A 


135 A 57. Pegasos with curled wing walking 
r. on exergual line. Above the line and beneath 
the body of Pegasos, A. 

P 86. Head of Athena |. wearing neck- 
guard and Corinthian Helmet; above to |., archaic 
A. Tor., naked male figure, wearing conical pilos, 

‘seated slightly towards |. on rocks, his r. hand 
raised, his l. resting on rocks and holding small 
staff. To 1. under the goddess’ chin a serpent 
coiled round a land-tortoise (Chelonia Greca) and 
striking at it. Pl, XII. 


a. Berlin, grm. 8.41, 18 mm. (Imhoof-Blumer). 

b. Vienna, grm. 8.90, 17x20 mm. 

c. London, grm. 8.16, 19° ami oe 
pl. XXVIII, 14. Babelon Tr., t. IV, p. 134, 284, pl. 
CCLXXXT, 6; 

d. London, grm. 8.36, 18x22 mm., B. M. Cat., 36. 

e. Paris, grm. 8.37,89 22 mm. ; 

f. P. Mathey, Paris, grm. 8.77, 20 mm., ex Egger, 
1906, 349. 

Dr. Petzalis, Athens, 19x23 mm. 

Hoyt Miller, grm., 18 mm. 

O. Ravel, grm. 8.15, 21 mm. 

Cat. de Sartiges, pl. XVII, 301, 20 mm. 
Santamaria, 1910 (Hartwig), 785, 20 mm. 

l. Sotheby, 1909 (Benson), 487, grm. 8.36,79 21 mm. 

m. Dr. E. P. Robinson, Newport, ex Sotheby, 1920, 
59, 19 mm. 

n. Hirsch XXX, 1911 (Barron), 529, grm. 8.45, 21 mm. 

o. Hess, 1926 (Lébbecke), 271, grm. 8.50, 21 mm. 


Saree aa 


Brie COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 65 


136 A457. Samedie. Small flaw on exergual 
line. 
ioo7. similar head-\.- to l. under chin 
archaic A, to r., infant Iacchos, squatting, his r. 
hand raised. Pl, XII. 


a. London, grm. 8.49, 19 mm., B. M. Cat., 34, pl: 
XAVII, 13; 

b. Berlin, grm. 8.49, 19 mm. (Imhoof-Blumer). 

c. Berlin, grm. 8.35, 17x21 mm. (Loébbecke). 

d. Cambridge, grm. 8.13, 18x21 mm., McClean, 5099, 
pl. 185, 4. 

e. Cambridge, grm. 8.20, 17x20 mm., McClean, 5100 
pl. 185, 5, from the Sotheby’s sale, 1909 (Benson), 486. 

f. Milan, 18x23 mm. 

Gamer ats. orm, 6:45,-19x22 mm., Babelon Tr., t. IV, 
Disteesos Dine CCLX XX, '5. 

h. E. T. Newell, grm. 7.95, 17x22 mm. 

7. O. Ravel, grm. 8.55, 18x22 mm. 

j. Hess, 1926 (Lébbecke), 270, grm. 7.90, 21 mm. 

k. Hoyt Miller. 

l. S. P. Noe, grm. 8.24. 


137 A 57. Same die, larger flaw. 
P 88. Similar head |. but larger; to r. 
head of Achelous facing. Pl. XII. 


a. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.30, 20x23 mm. 

b. Berlin, grm. 8.38, 21 mm. (Imhoof-Blumer). 

c. Berlin, grm. 8.51, 20 mm., from the Dodona find. 

d. Cambridge, grm. 8.17, 18 mm. McClean, 5098, pl. 
185, 4. 
Gan London,-orm. $.37,°21x23 mm., B. M. Cat., 19, pl. 
Fo Ado LeDls 26L Ie 

f. Paris, grm. 8.40, 20 mm., Babelon Tr., t. IV, p. 134, 
286, pl. CCLXXXT, 8. 


66 THE “COLTS ™ OF FAMBRACIA 


Palermo, grm. 8.19, 20 mm. 

Vienna, grm. 8.48, 20 mm. 

G. Empedocles, grm. 8.46, 20 mm. 

O. Ravel, grm. 8.00, 20 mm. 

Hirsch XX XI, 1912, 385, grm. 8.35, 19 mm. 
Comte Chandon de Briailles, grm. 8.36, 20 mm. 


MS Bos 


138 A 57. Same die, flaw larger. 
P 89. Same head; tor. Head of Ache- 
lous in profile to r. Pl. XI. 


a. Athens, grm. 8.35, 20x24 mm. 

b. Berlin, grm. 8.33, 18 mm. (Imhoof-Blumer). 

c. Paris, grm. 8.45, 21 mm., Babelon Tr., t. IV, p. 134, 
285, pl. COLAO La 

d. Hoyt Miller, grm., 20 mm, 

e. O. Ravel, grm. 8.30, 18 mm. 

f. Hirsch XXV, 1909 (Philipsen), 1149, grm. 8.40, 21 
mm. 

g. Sotheby, 1921, 245, 19 mm. 


139 A58. Pegasos, with head slightly bent 
and straight wing, flying r.; beneath, A. Three 
rows of feathers, fourth feather half the length 
of the third. 

P90. Head of Athena r. similar to 
previous ones; to l. copy of a statue of Zeus 
striding r., hurling thunderbolt, left arm out- 
stretched. Pl. XIII. 

a. Berlin, grm. 8.37, 22 mm. (Lébbecke). 

b. London, grm. 8.44, 20 mm., B. M. Cat., 33, pl. 
AXVITI, 12... Babelon’ Tr., &  EVeetpe eG, ees 
CCLAXXL.-1LE 


c. Munich, grm. 7.45, 22 mm. 
d. Vienna, grm. 8.44, 20 mm. 


iia COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 67 


140 A58. Same die. 
P 91. Probably same die as previous. 
Over Zeus has been added A, and under neck 
truncation, a dolphin to l. Pl. XIII. 
Berlin, grm. 8.55, 19x21 mm. (Imhoof-Blumer). 
Berlin, grm. 8.37, 18x22 mm. (L6bbecke). 
Vienna, grm. 8.45, 20 mm. 


Count de Brandis, Venice, grm. 7.50 (worn), 18 mm. 
Egger, 1906, 351, grm. 8.79, 19 mm. 


sao oe 


141 A58. Same die. 
P92, Similar head of Athena, but. r.; 


to r. large cicada. Pl. XIII. 
Poe ondon.serpi. 6.49, 20x23 mm., B:. M. Cat., 23, 
pl. XXVIII, 5. 


b. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.46, 20 mm. 


142. A258: Same. die. 
ies, Same-die as 137. Pl. XIII. 


Vienna, grm. 8.13, 20 mm. 
Berlin, grm. 8.33, 22 mm. (Imhoof-Blumer). 
Berlin, grm. 8.35, 20 mm. (Imhoof-Blumer). 
PeOnUON, iin, 6.05, 20 mm., B. M. Cat, 20, pl. 
Mew TIT, 2. 

e. O. Ravel, grm. 8.40, 20 mm. 

f. Hirsch XXXI, 1912, 286, grm. 8.75, 20 mm. 


RX SS 


143. A 58. Same die. 
P 89. Same die as,138. Pl. XIII. 


a. Berlin, grm. 8.29, 18 X 21 mm. (Prokesch-Osten). 
by 1; Ravel, crm. 8.15, 20 mm. 


68 THE “COLTS.” OF AMBRAG ES 


144 A59. Similar Pegasos, smaller, wing 
composed cf only two rows of small feathers; 
beneath, A. 

P 93. , Head of Athena 1|.; to r. NI and 
dove flying to r. Pl. XIII. 

a. Cambridge, grm. 8.28, 18 mm., McClean, 5114, 
pl. 185, 19. 

Group B 


145 A60. Pegasos unbridled. flying r. Head 
slightly bent, wing similar to A 58. Beneath, 
running chimaera, to r. 

P 94. Head of Athena r. similar to P 90 
only larger, to |. large A. Pl. XIII. 


a. Sir C. W. C. Oman, Oxford, 19x21 mm. 


146 A 61. Similar Pegasos, standing r. with 
l. fore-leg bent; beneath, a naked, male figure 
(Bellerophon) in squatting attitude sitting on his 
left heel and examining Pegasos 1. hoof. 


P 94. Same die. Pl. XIII. 


a. Berlin, grm. 8.63, 21 mm. (Lébbecke). 

b. Berlin, grm. 8.40, 18 mm. (Prokesch-Osten). 

c. Cambridge, grm. 8.37, 21 mm., McClean, 5110, pl. 
135,45, 

d. Naples hoard, 43, 21 mm. 

e. Paris, grm. 8.50, Babelon, 20x25 mm., op. c., p. 139, 
310, pl. CCX XXII, 7.8 

f. Vienna, grm. 7.50, 21 mm.§ 

g. Jameson, Paris., 1116, ex Egger, 1906, 350, grm. 8.54, 
19 mm. 

h. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.07, 20 mm., ex Hirsch 
XXXIV, 414. 


fie GOLTS” OF AMBRACIA 69 


147 A611. Same die. 

P 95. Similar head to that on die P 94. 
helmet larger but small for the head; curls round 
neck-guard.larger. Tol., A. Pl. XIII. 

a. Paris, grm. 22 mm., J. Babelon, Coll. de Luynes, 
1889, pl. LXXI. 

Dee oudon,. ett. 6:50, 18°mm., B. M. Cat.,..57, pl. 
ie 

c. Munich, grm. 8.23, 21 mm., ex Hirsch XXV, 1909, 
1154. 

a. ok. ff. Hart, Blackburn, grm. 8.49, 20 mm. (Cat. 
Sotheby, 1920, 60). 

e. ET. Newell, grm. 8.53, 21 mm. 

f. O. Ravel, grm. 8.52, 19x22 mm., ex Naville XII, 
1926, 1319. 


148 A62. Pegasos flying r. similar to die 
A 59. Wing composed of two rows of feathers, 
the tips slightly bent upwards. Body longer; 
beneath A. 

P96. Head of Athena r. but smaller; 
over neck-guard to I|., dove flying 1. Pl, XIII. 
@. Loudon, grm. $8.58, 20x25 mm., B. M. Cat., 13, pl. 


VLE 10: 
b. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.57, 17x24 mm. 


149 A63. Similar Pegasos, head less bent, 
one feather of second wing visible; first four 
feathers almost of the same length; beneath, A. 

P 96. Same die. Pl. XIV. 


gu.) Ravel, erm. 8.72, 19x21 mm., ex Ratto, 1927, 
1097, pl. XX XI. 


70 THE * COLTS” OF AMERAGE 


b. Copenhagen, grm. 8.42, 17x25 mm. 

c. Hoyt Miller, grm. 8.57, 17x22 mm. 

d. Commerce, Marseilles, grm. 8.29, 18x22 mm., ex 
Cat. Naville XII, 1926, 1313. 


150 A63. Same die. 

P97. Revival of die P85. Athena’s 
head larger, the A is not on the helmet, but be- 
neath truncation of neck. To 1. youthful winged 
male figure riding dolphin to r., his hands clasped 
round |. knee. Dolphin larger and tail bent up- 
wards. Pl. XIV. 

a. London, grm. 8.23, 21x25 mm., B. Mo Cat. 30, o. 
XXVIII, 10. Babelon, op.cit. 135, 294, pl. CCLXXXI, 
16. 


b. Berlin, grm. 844 21 mm. (Lébbecke). 
c. Cat. de Sartiges, 300, pl. XVII, 22x24 mm. 


151 A638. Same die. 
P 98. Small Athena’s head r. similar to 
P 96. To 1. coiled serpent raising its head. 
Pl. XIV. 
a. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.62, 20 mm., ex Pozzi, Naville 
I, 1920, 1747, and Egger, 1908, 507. 
b. Berlin, grm. 6.93, 21 mm. (Imhoof-Blumer) (not 
plated) .% 


152 AG64. Pegasos flying r., head almost 
facing, second wing visible; beneath, large archaic 


A. 


Pais Cie SOR AMBRACIA va 


P99. Same ‘head of Athena r., to 1. 
large archaic A. Pl. XIV. 


a. QO. Ravel, grm. 8.45, 21 mm., Hirsch XXX, 1911, 
534, 


b. London, grm. 8.30, B. M. Cat., 56, 19 mm. 
c. Naples hoard, 35, 18 mm. 


153 AGS. Similar to 152, but A larger and 
differently placed. 
P 100. Similar head r., face longer; 
without A. Pl. XIV. 
a. Berlin, grm. 8.26, 20 mm. 


b. Berlin, grm. 8.45, 16x18 mm. (Lébbecke). 
c. O. Ravel, grm. 8.42, 21 mm. 


154 A65. Same die. 
P 101. Similar head r.; to 1., dolphin 
downwards. Pl. XIV. 


a. Palermo, 20 mm., grm. 8.20, 1526. 


155 A66. Similar Pegasos r., but head in 
profile, second wing not visible; beneath, A. 
P 100. Same die as 153. Pl. XIV. 


er Berlin, grm. 8.35, 18x21 mm. 


156 A6?. Similar Pegasos, A_ differently 
placed. 
P 100. Same die. Pl. XIV. 


a. O. Ravel, grm. 8.48, 17x20 mm. 


a THE “COLTS” (Of AM bees 


157 A68. Similar Pegasos flying r., head 
smaller and slightly bent, fore legs bent; beneath, 
A, 

P 101. Same die as 154. Pl. XIV. 


a. Berlin, grm. 8.48, 20 mm. (Imhoof-Blumer). 


158 A69. Small short Pegasos, flying r.; 
wing very small, neck short. Beneath, A. 

P 102. Same head, from the same hub 

as P 101;'to. 1, ‘shrinn Pl. XIV. 


a. Munich, grm. 8.82, 20 mm. (Egger, 1908, 503). 

b. Paris, grm. 8.40; 17° mm., Babelon, “op:cit. 55, 
Leucas, 74, pl. CCLXXIII, 14.84 

c. Vienna, grm. 8.60, 18 mm, 


159 A70. Similar Pegasos, wing parallel 
to the body, tail small and close to hind- quarters; 
beneath, large A. 

P 99. Same die as 152. Pl. XIV. 


a. O. Ravel, grm. 8.52, 19 mm. 


Group C 


160 A711. Small Pegasos flying 1.; beneath, 
A. Edge of the wing slightly curled upwards. 

P 103. AMII; head of Athena to L., 
wearing Corinthian helmet over neck-guard, and 
round her throat necklace of larger beads; to r., 
thunderbolt with wings, the 1. one over-lapping the 
central dart to r., as on coins of Olympia (Seltman 


166). PLOALY, 


a. Vienna, grm. 8.52, 17 mm. 


pee COLTS: OF AMBRACIA 73 


161 A771. Same die. 

P 104. Better head of Athenar., without 
necklace; to l. eagle with spread wings standing 
on ram’s head, as on coins of Olympia (Seltman, 
320) 8? Pl. XV. 

a. O. Ravel, grm. 8.59, 17 mm., ex Naville XII, 1926, 
1320. 
b. The Hague, grm. 8.55, 17 mm. (Six),®° Babelon, 


OD: Cite fer 26, 7273; 
c. Berlin, grm. 8.33, 18 mm., (Prokesch-Osten). 


162. A71. Same die. 

P 105. Head of Athena similar to pre- 
ceding, but I.; to r., eagle with spread wings hold- 
ing serpent inits beak. This symbol, too, is taken 
from coins of Olympia (Seltman N. 123). Pl. XV. 

a. O. Ravel, grm. 8.05, 17 mm., ex Canessa Sale, 
1922, 44/,.Num. Chr., 1926, r: 4, pl. XX, 15. 
b. Naville I, 1920 (Pozzi), 1749, grm. 8.60, 17 mm., 


and Egger, 1908, 506. 
c. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.42. 


163 A711. Same die. 
P 106. Head almost identical to that of 
Athena on P 103. Around the throat of the 
goddess, necklace of large beads; to r., eagle very 
erect to r., as on coins of Olympia. (Seltman 
3127) Pl. XV. 
a. Cambridge, grm. 8.21, 18 mm., McClean, 5116, pl. 
186, 1. 


b. Naville I, 1920 (Pozzi), 1679, grm. 8.50, 19 mm., 
and Egger, 1906, 289. 


74 THE “COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 


164 A72. Similar Pegasos, |., slightly larger; 
beneath, A, differently placed. 

P 107. Head cf ‘Athena 1. wearing 
Corinthian helmet with crest and neck-guard, no 
necklace; to r., spear. Pl. XV. 

a. O. Ravel, grm. 8.25, 18 mm. 
b. R. Jameson, grm. 8:52)" 26x21) Sinn, eso 
LVII, ex Sotheby, 1909 (Benson), 490. Babelon, op.cit. 


126,270, pli CCL Ata 
c. Hirsch XIV, 1905, 424, grm. 8.20, 19 mm, 


165 >A 72: Same die. 
P 106. Same die as 163: Pl. XV. 


a. Palermo, grm. 8.38, 18 mm., hoard, 983. 


166 A722. Same die. 
P 105. Same die as 162. Pl. XV. 


a. Cambridge, grm. 8.38, 15x17 mm., McClean, 5117, 
pl. 186, 2.87 2 


167 A773.  Bridled Pegasos flying |. Head 
large and bent, same wing as previously. Be- 
neath, large A. 

P 108. Similar head of Athena l., as on 

P 107 but larger; to r., spear-head. Pl. XV. 
a. Berlin, grm. 8.80, 18 mm., ex Hirsch XXX, 531. 

b. London, grm. 8.27, 20°mim., BoM, Caty 22.01, 


D2 DG F 
c. Naples hoard, 37, 20 mm. 


eee Os OF AMBRACIA 75 


168 A744. Pegasos unbridled flying I. head 
raised; beneath, A. 

109, -Similar head of Athena 1.,.but 

larger, wearing crested helmet. PLAXVs 


a. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.37, 18 mm. 

b. Berlin, grm. 8.50, 20 mm. (Lébbecke). 

c. Berlin, grm. 8.53, 20 mm. (Imhoof-Blumer). 

d. London, grm. 8.50, 22 mm., B. M. Cat., 43. 

e. Paris, grm. 8.50, 18 mm., J. Babelon, Cat. de Luynes, 
1888, pl. CX XI. 

f. Naples hoard, 38, 20 mm. 

g. G. Empedocles, grm. 8.54, 18 mm. 

h. Hirsch, XIII, 1905 (Rhousopoulos), 2352, grm. 
8.27, 20 mm. 

4. Naville I, 1920 (Pozzi),’1751, grm. 8.56, 18 mm. 

j. Col. Godefroy, Paris, ex Naville XII, 1926, 1317, 
grm. 8.28, 20 mm. 


169 A75. Similar Pegasos 1., head less 
raised, same wing; beneath, A. 

P 110. Similar head with slightly dif- 
ferent profile, tail of the crest less wavy and 
longer; between crest and helmet a line of dots. 
To r., spear, point upwards. Pl. XV. 


a. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.53, 19 mm. 
b. Copenhagen, grm. 8.48, 21 mm. 
c. O. Ravel, grm. 8.50, 20 mm. 


Group D 


170 A776.  Pegasos, unbridled, flying r. 
Body very fat, head bent and exceptionally small, 


76 THE “COLTS” OF AMpRAGs 


large wide wing, with edge curled slightly up- 
wards; beneath, A. Flaw between tail and wing. 
P 111. Head of Athena r., wearing 

Corinthian helmet without crest and neck-guard; 
to 1., thymiaterion. Pl. XV. 

a. London, grm. 8.44, 19 mm., B. M. Cat., 54, pl. 
XXIX, 9. Babelon, op. cit., p. 139, 305, pl. CCX XXII, 4. 

b. Berlin, grm. 8.17, 22 mm. (Lébbecke). 

c. The Hague, grm. 8.50, 20 mm. (Six). 

d. Turin, 20 mm. 

e. Empedocles, Athens, 20 mm, 

f. Commerce, Naples, 20x23 mm, 

g. O. Ravel, grm. 8.50, 20x22 mm. 


171 A76. Same die, flaw larger. 
P 112. Similar but face shorter, to 1., 
thymiaterion. Pl. XV. 


a. Berlin, grm. 8.34, 20 mm. (Prokesch-Osten). 
b. O. Ravel, grm. 8.32, 20 mm. 


172 A776. Same die, fracture larger. 
P 113. Similar head of Athena I1., chin 
larger; to r., kylix. Pl. XV. 
a. G. Empedocles, grm. 8.20, 19 mm, 


173 A776. Same die, fracture covers almost 
all the |. upper part of the coin. 

P 114. Same die as previously, but 

above the kylix has been engraved a bunch of 

grapes. Pl. XVI. 


a. Hoyt Miller, grm. 8.48, 18x20 mm, 
b. O. Ravel, grm. 8.51, 20 mm. 
c. Berlin, grm. 8.50, 20 mm. (Lébbecke). 


tee COL s OF AMBRACIA V4 


174 A77.  Pegasos flying r., smaller and 
better proportioned; beneath, A. Edge of the 
wing nearly perpendicular. 

P 115. Very similar to P 114; the hel- 
met is drawn over the goddess’ eye, curls vary 
in number and shape. PEESVI: 


a. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.39, 18x21 mm. 

b. Paris, ‘‘Uncertain mints,’ 1098, 19 mm. 

c. The Hague, grm. 8.10, 18 mm. 

ad London, prim. $49, 18 mm.,; B. M.° Cat., 38, pl. 
Aoi ti Ore isa beat tr. t. LV, - p.'-138, 300, » pl. 
CCLXXXI, 21.88 

e. Sotheby, 1920, 59, 20 mm. 


175 A77. Same die, small flaw near r. hind 
leg. 
P 116. Very similar to P 114 and P 115; 
the number and shape of the curls different. 


Pl. XVI. 


a. Dr. E. P. Robinson, Newport. 
b. Berlin, grm. 8.59, 20 mm. (Fox). 


176 A/77. Same die, flaw larger. 
Fat? read of ‘Athena r., sintilar to 
P 112; to 1l., branch of thistle with flower.®® 
Pl. XVI. 


a. Berlin, grm. 8.40, 18 mm. (Imhoof-Blumer). 
b= ongon, 2rm.- 3.60, 18x23°> mm., B..M. Cat.,..55, 
pl. XXIX,10. Babelon, op.cit., 139, 306, pl. CCLXXXII, 
5,90 
6 


78 THE “ COLTS” OF AMEEAG 


177 A777. Same die, flaw larger. 
P 118. Similar head of Athena r.; to 1. 
obelisk of Ambracia with Delphic fillet hanging 
to l. Pl. XVI. 


a. Paris, grm. 8.56, 18x20 mm., Babelon, op.cit., 
138; 302 7pl: CCE XX Gia 

b. Munich, grm. 7.50 (worn), 19 mm. 

c. O. Ravel, grm. 8.32, 19 mm. 

d. Naville V, 1923, 2135, grm. 8.32, 19 mm. 


178 A77. Same die, same flaw. 
P 119. Same types, the base of the 
obelisk is larger. Pl, XVI. 
a. Berlin, grm. 8.49, 872, 17x20 mm. 


b. Hoyt Miller, grm. 8.33, 19 mm. 
c. Hirsch XXXI, 1912, 392, grm. 8.46, 22 mm. 


179 A7?7. Same die, same flaw. 
P 120. Similar head r. Long tight curls 
all round the neck-guard, tol., & tor. Obelisk of 


Ambracia with Delphic fillet passing behind it, 
from r. tol. Pl. XVI. 


a. Vienna, grm. 8.50, 18 mm. 
b. Cambridge, grm. 8.43, 18x22 mm., McClean, 5108, 
pl. 185,13. 
Paris, 20' mm. 
The Hague, grm. 8.55, 19x21 mm., (Six coll.). 
E. T. Newell, grm. 8.41, 21 mm. 
Sotheby, 1920, 54, 20 mm. 


Ws as 


THE “COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 79 


180 A/77. Same die, flaw larger. 

Paci. Similar head r. but with only a 
few long curls coming from beneath the neck- 
guard; tor. A, tol. obelisk similar to that of 179. 

Pl. XVI. 


a. Vienna, grm. 8.47, 17x20 mm. 

0. .oncon, gtm. 8.56, 19 mm., B. M. Cat., 50, pl. 
XXIX, 6. 

c. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.45, 19 mm. 


181 A77. Same die, flaw larger. 
__P 122. Similar head |. with long neck. 
to r., dove r., to l., over helmet NIKOZOE... 
(probably NIKOZOENHY2). Pl. XVI. 


a. O. Ravel, grm. 8.30, 20 mm. 

b. Berlin, grm. 8.50, 21 mm. (Imhoof-Blumer).% 

Go London, grim, 3.43, 20 mm., B. M. Cat., 16, pl. 
oy iis. Bapelon; p. 131, 280, pl. CCLXXXI, 1. 


182 A/78. Pegasos with head less bent, 
wing raised, beneath, AM. 
P 128. Larger head of Athena r. of 
better style; to 1. female locust to r. 


a. Paris, ‘Uncertain mints,’ 1112, 20 mm. 


183 A78&. Same die. 
7 ee. ANTHPA,’ head of “Athena of 
coarse style l., to r., spear-head, point to r. 
Pl. XVI. 
a. G. Empedocles, grm. 8.38, 18 mm. 
Pee iconcon, cima. 8,15, 20 mm, B: M. :Cat. 9, pl. 
XXVII, 8. Babelon, p. 130, 278. 
Cone. 1. Newell, erm. 8.32, 20 mm. 


80 THE “COLTS” OF AMBERACIA 


184 A/78. Same die. 
P 125. . Small head of Athena ts) a Tr 
ear of grain standing vertically. PI. XVI: 


a. O. Ravel, grm. 8.30, 19 mm. 


185 A79. Similar Pegasos flying r., short 
body, wing almost vertical, large head, tail very 
long; beneath, A. 

P 126. Head of Athena l.; to r., obelisk 
of Ambracia with fillet hanging tor. Pl. XVII. 


a. London, grm. 7.95, 20 mm. 


Uncertain Mints 


186 A 80.  Pegasos unbridled with pointed 
wing, flying left. Wing composed of two rows 
of small feathers and a row of long feathers quite 
straight, second wing visible. 

P 127. Head of Athena 1. wearing 
Corinthian helmet with very large bowl: to r., 
palmette; to l., in front of the helmet, A. Flat 
coarse style. Pl. XVII. 


a. Hoyt Miller, 812, 21 mm. 

b. Vienna, grm. 8.40, 17x22 mm, 

c. Copenhagen, grm. 8.29, 17 mm. 
d. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.66, 20 mm. 
e. Palermo, grm. 8.40, 18 mm. 

f. O. Ravel, grm. 8.50, 19 mm. 


187 A 8&0. Same die. 
P 128. Similar to above but type to r. 
to l. small palmette, tor. A. Pl. XVII. 


— er 


CCC ee 


(iteeoecOU lo’ OF AMBRACIA 81 


a. Hoyt Miller, grm. 8.36, 20 mm. 
b. Berlin (Hermann), grm. 8.62, 20 mm. 
c. Berlin (Imhoof-Blumer), grm. 8.15, 19 mm. 
d. Cambridge, grm. 8.59, 17 mm., McClean, 5103, pl. 
185, 8. 
e. Paris, grm. 8.66, 18 mm. 
. The Hague, grm. 8.56, 17 mm. (Six). 
PA havel STI. .o-05,/20 mm. 
h. Vienna, grm. 8.62, 19 mm. 
i. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.66, 20x18 mm. 


~ 


f 
t 


188 A 80. Same die. 
P 129. Similar to previous, to r. in front 
of the Athena’s head, two parallel lines. (Prob- 
ably die flaws?) | Pl. XVII. 


a. O. Ravel, grm. 8.50, 19 mm. 


189 A 81. Pegasos to 1., beneath, A. 

P 180. Head of Athena to r. wearing 
Corinthian helmet bound with olive-wreath, over 
very small neck-guard, from which hair escapes in 
long loose locks visible on both sides of the neck. 
To r., over the helmet, lyre (chelys). 


magoneawiies!, 1920 (Pozzi),.1752, grm. .8.13, 20 mm. 
(ex Hirsch XX XI, 374—Apollonia). 


190 A822. Pegasos with pointed wing, 
slightly curled upwards, flying r., head very small 
beneath, A. 

P 180. Same die. Pl. XVII. 


a. Berlin, grm. 8.36, 22 mm. (Lébbecke). 
b. E. T. Newell, grm. 8.38, 19x23 mm. 


82 THE “COLTS” OF Aap 


191 A 83. Similar Pegasos flying r. Be- 
neath, A. . 
P 181. Head of Athena |. wearing neck- 
lace. Fine style but very flat. Tor. ear of corn. 
Pl. XVII. 
a. Berlin, grm. 8.58, 22 mm., 339, 
b. London, grm. 8.42, -20¢mm., B. M. Cat, 62, pl 
XANES: 
c. O. Ravel, grm. 8.53, 21 mm. 


192 A 8&3. Same die. 
P 182. Similar type, but to r. ear of 
corn placed horizontally. Pl. XVII. 


a. Berlin, grm. 8.22, 23 mm. (Lébbecke). 
b. Sotheby, 1920, 61, 23 mm. 


COMMENT ON THE TYPES AND 
THE SEQUENCE OF DIES 


I PERIOD, FROM 480 To 456 


Although the coins of this period, like the 
corresponding archaic coins of Corinth, are rare, 
it will be observed that those here described are 
very few for so long a time as 24 years. To 
explain this anomaly we have to consider that 
before 480 B.C., the normal currency of Ambracia 
was represented by the Corinthian staters, prob- 
ably those with the incuse patterns on the 
reverses. The first autonomous coins with the 


ie COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 83 


civic initial of Ambracia must have been very 
few, and, at the beginning, just as a kind of sup- 
plementary currency, while the coins of Corinth 
were still the principal ones. 

Several coins of Corinth have beneath the 
Pegasos an archaic form of koppa, 9, that re- 
sembles a @. The tail of the letter instead of 
beginning from below the O, begins from the 
upper part and crosses it.” This peculiar letter 
was taken by Babelon for a ¢, and he attributed 
the coin 1138 in the Jameson collection to Phytia.” 
In the writer’s collection, there are two Corinthian 
staters with the same 9 on the obverse, coupled 
with common Corinthian reverses, like Bement 
1155.9% All these coins are certainly of Corinth. 

Jameson’s coin, from the same die-combination 
as another specimen in the writer’s collection 
(XIX, 1) 4 has the reverse from the same die as 
the Ambracian staters 10 and 11 (PI.1). Further- 
more, in Mr. E. T. Newell’s cabinet there is 
another coin attributed to Ambracia,®® the @ 
being ‘‘off flan’”’ (Pl. XIX, 2), having the obverse 
from the same die as that mentioned above, but 
coupled with the other Ambracian obverse die as 
8 and 9 (Pl. I). These three Corinthian coins 
prove that dies P 5 and P 6 were employed at the 
same time for Corinthian and Ambracian coins, 
and therefore we are entitled to conclude that all 
these coins, come from the same mint and that 
they were no doubt coined at Corinth. 


84 THE “COLTS” OF AMBRAG 


E. Curtius in his ‘‘Studien zur Geschichte von 
Korinth’’ % says that Corinth struck the coins 
for her colonies at first, but this statement was 
only conjectural, as he had no ground to support 
it other than the general likeness of the archaic 
colonial issues. The above mentioned case seems 
to confirm his surmise, at least for Ambracia. A 
close examination of the archaic dies of Corinth 
and her colonies would probably show that all the 
archaic colts were struck at Corinth. They look 
so much alike that if it were not for the civic 
initials, they could hardly be distinguished one 
from the other. 

We know seventeen Ambracian staters with the 
reverse from dies P 5 and P 6 and only six Corin- 
thian specimens with the reverse from the same 
dies; this seems to indicate that these two reverse 
dies were really made for Ambracia and only 
occasionally employed for Corinth. 

Probably after the Persian war, to reward the 
colonies that helped her, Corinth authorized them 
to have their own currency, but either because 
she still wanted to have control of the finances of 
these colonies or because they had not yet 
organized mints of their own, it was the mother- 
city that struck the coins for them. 

The Pegasos on all the archaic staters is an 
extraordinary one. The wing is curled and cer- 
tainly ill adapted for flying, the head is big and 
very long, and the legs are short. The reverses, 


SE EN EE ae a a 


Meee it~ OF AMBRACIA 85 


on the contrary, show beautiful archaic heads of 
Athena. 

It is incomprehensible that the same artist who 
engraved the lovely reverses, could make so bad 
a Pegasos. Sir Charles Oman supposes that 
this ugly beast was made like that for a set pur- 
pose,*’? and that it was probably copied from a 
well known archaic statue of Pegasos. This 
ingenious hypothesis would fully explain the above 
mentioned difference in style of the two sides of 
these early colts. 

In all Greek series, the number of the known 
reverses is always much greater than that of the 
obverses, and this is understandable as the ob- 
verses were fixed to the anvil, while the reverses 
were used as a punch and received the blow.” 
Therefore this side wore out sooner and had to be 
changed more frequently than the other. In 
this period, on the contrary, we find a very 
puzzling peculiarity; we know 9 obverses and 
only 6 reverses. As the deep incuse square leaves 
no doubt that the Athena type is really the 
reverse, the reason for this abnormal proportion 
of dies escapes us. 

The only hypothesis that could explain it is 
that for some special reason that we cannot guess, 
the surviving coins of this period are fewer than 
in the other series, and we may suppose that a 
great many other reverses existed which may turn 
up some day. 


86 THE “COLTS” OF Aa 


Group A 


This group is characterized by having no 
symbols. Coins 1 and 2 have a lovely archaic 
head of Athena with the distinctive ‘archaic 
smile.’ Although these heads are a little flat, 
they are of the best archaic style. 

The following coins, 3 to 7 (Pl. I), show a more 
advanced reverse. We no longer find the ‘archaic 
smile’’; the relief is higher and the necklace is of 
_ beads, while before it was only a kind of ribbon. 

All the obverses of this group are very similar, 
only the position of the A beneath the Pegasos 
and other very slight details change from one 
die to the other. They all look as if they had 
been made from the same hub. 


Group B 


The obverses of coins 8 to 11 show a better 
proportioned Pegasos and although the general 
appearance is always kept close to the typical 
early parasemon of Corinth, the style is better and 
more in accordance with Athena’s head of the 
reverses. | 

In this group we see for the first time a symbol. 
To the left of Athena’s head there is an ivy- 
branch. This has a decorative effect and relieves 
the bareness of the field; evidently its only object 
is to embellish. 

The style of these reverses (P 5 and P 6) is 


pee COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 87 


exceedingly good, and they are among the best 
examples of the early Fifth Century art. A 
peculiarity of these reverses is the earring worn by 
the goddess, which resembles a bunch of grapes. 
On several Corinthian staters, of more advanced 
style, we find a somewhat similar earring.” 

As said before, dies P 5 and P 6 are found 
curiously coupled with Corinthian obverses; on 
these Pegasos is flying to left—on the Ambracian 
obverses he is flying to right. This difference 
was probably necessary in the mint, in order to 
recognize easily the dies of the colony from those 
of the mother-country. 


II PERIOD, FROM 456 To 426 B.C. 


The archaic coinage of Ambracia is generally 
attributed to the period between the Persian war 
(480 B.C.) and the end of the war of Corinth 
against Corcyra (432 B.C.). Head and Babelon 
both give these dates, but Prof. P. Gardner holds 
that Head’s dates are too late.%* He assumes 
that these early issues should be dated from 520 
to 480 B.C. He supposes there was a great break 
in the coinage of Ambracia and that between 480 
and 425 there were no coins at this mint, which 
did not again begin to strike pegasi, until after 
the disaster of Olpai. 

If we examine the two series of Corinth and 
Ambracia, we find in the present period a striking 
peculiarity; almost all the first Corinthian pegasi 


88 THE “COLTS” OF ASTRA 


after the archaic period have corresponding Am- 
bracian coins, and the likeness is so great that one 
is tempted to suppose that the same die-cutters 
worked for the two mints. The two series are 
closely parallel, and there is no reason to suppose 
there was any pause in the coining of Ambracia, 
if this is not found in Corinth. 

On the other hand, if during 55 years there were 
no colts struck in Ambracia, why should we find a 
coin (Pl. II, 21) muling a reverse of the first period 
and a reverse of the second? The reverse belongs 
to the middle of the first period. According to 
Mr. Gardner’s dating, it should be dated about 
500 B.C. while the obverse, which is not one of 
the first of this period, should be assigned to about 
400-410 B.C. Therefore, if these dates were 
correct, die A 4 would have been in operation for 
at least 90 years. But if we take 480 B.C. as the 
date of the beginning of the Ambracian coinage 
and 456 B.C. for the beginning of the second 
period, this muling is easier to understand. 

The fixing of 456 B.C. for the beginning of this 
period is suggested by our explanation of the 
symbol found on the obverses following the 
archaic colts (cf. p. 91); but even if this symbol 
does not mean what we suggest, we think that 
this date may be considered as exact. 

Gardner’s and Head’s dates make the transi- 
tional style begin at 425 or 432 B.C.; this is 
certainly too late, if we consider the other branches 
of Greek art. 


Pies COhie, OF AMBRACIA 89 


The end of this period is 426 B.C.—the date 
of the Olpai disaster; from then on, Ambracia is 
more nearly independent of Corinth, and we no 
longer find such strikingly similar coins in the two 
series. 


Group A 


In this first group the Pegasos is of a new de- 
sign. The wing is still curled, but the shape quite 
different, and, artistically, it is even poorer than 
the foregoing; but owing to the wings being still 
curled, it is very likely that this new type of 
flying-horse is the successor of the archaic one. 
This issue marks a new epoch in the coinage of 
Ambracia and’ may correspond to the fall of 
Aegina. 

As we have already remarked, we find in this 
group coins that are very like some Corinthian 
staters; probably at this time the same die- 
cutters worked in the two mints. This would ex- 
plain the great similarity of style, design and 
fabric that we find on these first obverses and on 
those of Corinth with the murex-shell beneath 
the Pegasos.!°° Both issues have exactly the same 
Pegasos with the civic initials 9 or A under its 
neck. Generally these are found beneath the 
body of Pegasos, but on these coins in their place 
is a symbol—on the Corinthian a murex-shell, and 
on the Ambracian a complicated symbol that has 
been hitherto differently interpreted. Owing to 


go THE.“ COLTS” OF AMipkaaas 


the poor specimens in the British Museum, Head 
could not see what it really was. Describing one 
coin, he calls it a “rose-bud”’ and another 1 
a ‘“‘pellet.””. Imhoof-Blumer, describing his fine 
specimen, now in Berlin (12a, Pl. I), explains it as 
‘‘a serpent over a land-tortoise.”  Babelon in 
the posthumous portion of his Traité,4 was the 
first to see what it really was, viz. ‘a serpent 
fighting with a land-tortoise’’; but on another 
coin with the same symbol, he saw only “a 
coquillage’’ (a shell).48 

What the symbol represents is a serpent coiled 
round a land-tortoise (Chelonia Greca) and 
striking at it. This very interesting symbol, 
found later, but enlarged, on a beautiful stater of 
Period III, 135, Pl. XII, is too elaborate not to 
have a special meaning. Evidently it is an 
historical allusion to some well known struggle, 
and probably the animals symbolize the fighters.!° 

We know that the staters of Aegina were ac- 
cepted universally and because of their constant 
type, theturtle, were commonly called the “‘turtles”’ 
(xeA@var),!°§ in the same way as the Corinthian 
staters were called the ‘‘colts’”’ (m@do), from 
their type.® Turtles and colts were strong com- 
petitors in the commercial world of the time. 
This competition and the fact that Aegina 
greatly handicapped the development of Corin- 
thian influence and trade in the Peloponnesus and 
was a constant menace to her, induced Corinth to 


fo COOL To” OF AMBRACIA gl 


side with Athens in the long fight against 
Aegina.” 

When in 456 B.C., Aegina became tributary to 
Athens,! it is most unlikely that the latter would 
have allowed the striking of the ‘‘turtles’’ which 
competed with her own ‘‘owls,’”’ in the commercial 
market. The coinage of the ‘‘turtles’’ there- 
fore must have come to a stop at the time. 
Erichthonios ('Epixdovos), son of Hephaistos 
and Atthis, and pupil of Athena, was the first 
ruler of Attica after Kekrops and was often re- 
presented as a serpent. We may, therefore, 
assume that a serpent may symbolize Attica or 
Athens. If so, the symbol we find on the Am- 
bracian staters may be an allusion to the ending of 
the Aeginetan coinage, as a consequence of the 
conflict between Athens and Aegina. The serp- 
ent Erichthonios, symbolizing Athens, * has a 
“‘turtle’’ (xeAwvn) 18 in his coils; in other words, 
through Athens the ‘‘turtles’’? have come to an 
end. 

Corinth fostered the diffusion of her currency 
and through her money she held her colonies 
together and tightened relations with others. 
She (and therefore her colonies) considered the 
colts as a kind of national flag, of which they 
were proud. We can therefore understand that 
the stopping of the coinage of the ‘“‘turtles’’ was 
an event of the greatest importance both for 
Corinth and for her colonies, and a reason for great 


92 THE “COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 


rejoicing. Fromthismomentthe“ colts,’ nolonger 
having this competitor, would be able to fly un- 
fettered, passing over the fallen “‘turtles.” 

If such is not the intended meaning of the 
symbol, it has certainly been an omen that has 
proved true, as very few other coins had such a 
large circulation and such a wide success as the 
wadov,.tt 

This symbol is very important as it permits us 
to fix the date of the issues of this period—these 
coins must have been issued shortly after the 
stopping of the coinage of Aegina, about 456 B.C. 
The reverses P 7 and P 8 of beautiful transi- 
tional style are very like the reverse of the Corin- 
thian stater in the Museum of Berlin illustrated 
by Oman, the same head of Athena 1. without — 
neck-guard, with the same hair in long locks over 
the neck. Undoubtedly, these reverses are the 
work of the same artist. 

The reverses, P 7 and P 8, show a remarkable 
peculiarity. On the top of Athena’s helmet 
stands a butting bull. There is no doubt that it 
really stands on the helmet—one can distinctly see 
that the legs touch the helmet. This anomaly 
did not attract the attention of numismatists; the 
bull seems to have been considered as one of the 
numerous symbols we find in the field near the 
Athena’s head. Head, although he noticed that 
the bull was standing on the top of the helmet," 
made no comment; he must have considered 


Pie COLTS OF AMBRACIA 93 


the abnormal position of the bull as a fancy 
of the die-cutter; in fact, he placed coin 
Ifa; Fl, 11) mear 111¢c,; Pl. X,- just. because this 
last had for a symbol the forepart of a butting 
bull."8 Imbhoof-Blumer noticed this peculiarity 
too, and describing his 12a (Pl. I) says: ‘‘taureau 
se cramponnant au casque”’ (bull clinging to the 
helmet) .!4 

Die P 9 on coin 14 (PI. II), now published for 
the first time, from the only known specimen in 
the writer’s cabinet, shows a similar butting bull, 
but in an even more extraordinary position. It 
stands no longer on the top of the helmet, but is 
butting vertically downwards, on the neck of the 
Goddess. Its hind-feet are on the lower edge of 
the helmet and the left fore-foot touches the 
neck-guard. 

If we compare the dies P 7 and P 9 it is evident 
that the bull is not an ordinary symbol; it does 
not stand alone in the field, but is an integral part 
of Athena’s helmet. On the other hand, its very 
strange position, once on the top and once almost 
falling off it, suggests the idea that this bull is 
walking about on the helmet. It must represent 
some local legend about Athena that we have not 
been able to trace. 

This same coin, 14, shows for the first time a 
neck-guard under the helmet, which afterwards is 
constantly met, with but few exceptions, on all 
the staters of Corinthian types. This part of the 

7 


94 THE “COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 


helmet was often called a leather cap; the writer 
submitted the reasons that seem to prove that it 
was really a neck-guard, in ‘‘ Notes on some rare 
and unpublished Pegasi of my collection.” 

Dies P 10 and P 11 have for symbol the kery- 
keion, of which we have already spoken. We 
shall find it constantly repeated in the following 
groups. 

All colts of this period have a deep incuse square. 


Group B 


Beginning with this group, the Pegasos changes 
completely—the conventional parasemon of Cor- 
inth and her colonies, the extraordinary animal 
with curled wing is definitely abandoned. From 
this moment, the wing is adapted for flying and 
the body is that of areal horse. We find the same 
evolution on the corresponding Corinthian issues. 
The Pegasos we find on die A 14 still shows a 
certain archaic stiffness; the hind-legs, for in- 
stance, remind us of those of the first. Pegasoi. 

No. 21 (PI. II), the first coin of this group, has 
a reverse coming from an old die (P 4), that shows 
traces of long wear as several fractures may be 
seen. Such anachronistic couplings of dies, al- 
though rare, are found sometimes even in other 
series. Seltman"® explains a similar case ob- 
served in the mint of Olympia: We may suppose 
that the old die, lying idle for years in the mint, 


THE “COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 95 


has been put into use again either by mistake or 
in order to replace temporarily a broken die. 
The fact that we know but one specimen from 
these dies (in Mr. Newell’s collection) proves that 
it is something in the nature of an exception. 

Coin 22 from Mr. Newell’s cabinet, looks very 
similar to a Corinthian stater of the same epoch. 
(rei wchr. 1909, Plo XXVI, 9.) On the 
Corinthian coin, the goddess wears earrings and 
there is a trident turned downwards in the field. 
Apart from these differences the two coins look 
very much alike. The same long curls fall down 
to the back of the neck, from under the helmet, 
which is without neck-guard, and there is the same 
long profile. These dies look as though they were 
made by the same artist. 

The following coin, 23, in the writer’s cabinet, 
has also a corresponding Corinthian stater. (Cf. 
Page eur 1909. Pip aX XVII, “13.). On the 
Corinthian coin the first two curls are longer; 
this is the only difference. 

These two Ambracian colts, now published for 
the first time, not having any visible initial, 
were placed under ‘“‘uncertain mints” both in Mr. 
Newell’s and in the writer’s cabinets, and it is only 
through the other coins 21 and 24, with the same 
obverse, that we can attribute them beyond 
question to the Ambracian mint. 

The obverses A 16 and A 17 show two beautiful 
Pegasoi; both are very similar. The horses are 


96 THE “COLTS” OF AMBRAGIA 


well proportioned and the wings large and well 
drawn. The principal difference lies in the size. 
The sequence is therefore well established with the 
following coins. 

Nos. 27 and 28, both known in a single speci- . 
men only, have no neck-guard under the helmet, 
a sure sign that they are among the earliest coins 
of the series and that they follow 22 and 23. 
Henceforward, the goddess always wears a neck- 
guard. The hair of Athena on 27 is treated in the 
same way as on the previous dies. There are the 
same long loose locks falling from under the hel- 
met and covering the neck. Nos. 27 and 28 are 
closely similar and are certainly made by the same 
die-cutter. They are among the finest staters of 
Corinthian types. 

No. 29, Pl. III, in the British Museum, was 
placed by Head under Dyrrhachium (but he was 
in doubt about this attribution) 1” probably ow- 
ing to the symbol—the club, generally found on 
coins of this mint. Even if the obverse, A 17, was 
not coupled with the two reverses P 16 and P 17, 
the style of them is so alike that there can be no 
doubt that they both belong to Ambracia. 

Another similar specimen, No. 30, Pl. III, but 
from slightly different dies, now in the writer’s 
collection, was also attributed to Dyrrhachium in 
the Naville XII catalogue, following the catalogue 
of the British Museum. The club is a very ex- 
ceptional symbol on the Ambracian colts. We 


fate COTS OF AMBRACIA 97 


know of no other attribute of Heracles used as a 
symbol in all the series. In the Berlin Cabinet 
there is a colt from the Prokesch- Osten collection, 
under Ambracia, with a club behind the Athena’s 
head (Pl. XVII, 1), but this coin belongs to 
Alvzia*? 

Of twelve die-combinations out of the thirteen 
composing this group, we can trace only one 
specimen of each. They are certainly among 
the rarest colts of Ambracia. 


Group C 


This group is connected with the previous one 
through the Pegasos of die A 22, which is very like 
the one ondies A 19 and A 17, though details differ. 
Die A 22 and A 23 are very similar, and we find 
them coupled with several quite different reverses. 
Not only do the symbols vary on these reverses, 
but the design and the style are also quite different. © 

"In this group, too, we find a coin having a strik- 
ing likeness to the contemporary Corinthian issue. 
Die P 27 shows an Athena’s head, wearing a 
wreathed helmet, very similar to the head on the 
Corinthian Pegasos in Berlin, illustrated by Prof. 
Omanein Num. Chron.; 1909, Pl. XXVLI,. 16. 
This olive wreath which appears now for the 
first time either in Corinth or in Ambracia, is 
often met in the next period. 

After a time, die A 23 shows traces of wear, and 


98 THE “COLTS *" OF Asi Bhai. 


in some places fractures begin of which the pro- 
gression can be followed. On some specimens the 
alteration is so great that the shape of the Pegasos’ 
head seems changed. The sequence of the types 
can therefore be established with great certainty. 

Coin 34, Pl. III, shows an obverse struck from 
a very fresh die and a reverse P 22, which is an 
exact copy of die P 10 of Period II. This 
coin is certainly the first of the group. 

Coin 36, Pl. III, is known only from the 
specimen in the British Museum where it is placed 
under ‘‘ Uncertain mints.’’ 4 This coin finds its 
right place in this group, the obverse being from 
die A 22. The style and the general appearance 
are those of Ambracia, and Babelon had correctly 
ascribed it to this mint.2 The symbol on this 
coin is a remarkable one; we never come across it 
at Ambracia again. It represents a sword in its 
scabbard. 

The kerykeion is found again in this group on 
dies P 27 (a copy of die P 11), P 23, P 29 and P 26. 
On this last one of the best style we find an 
Athena’s head of serene beauty. Behind it, in 
the field, there is a symbol that although really 
only a kerykeion, is of a very complex and elab- 
orate shape. To the writer’s knowledge it is 
quite unique and hitherto unpublished. This 
symbol is formed of a kind of circle, with twelve 
pellets disposed round it, in four groups of three 
each, forming four corners outside it. The 


tate COLTS OF AMBRACIA 99 


kerykeion crosses this wreath vertically and near 
- the shaft, inside the circle, there are two more 
pellets on each side of it. What this symbol may 
mean is rather difficult to conjecture. Only four 
coins are known with it and on one only (in Berlin) 
is it possible to see it distinctly, which may ac- 
count for the fact that nobody has noticed it be- 
fore. 

Another beautiful reverse, of very good style, 
is P 28 (PI. IV). Onit, we see a remarkable little 
flying Nike; at first sight we would be justified in 
supposing she is crowning Athena’s helmet. 
Grose, in describing the specimen in the McClean 
collection, takes the Nike for a flying Eros and 
supposes the coin to be the same as 120 (Pl. XI). 
The lovely flying figure is certainly a Nike—the 
confusion is due to the McClean specimen being 
very poor. What the Nike holds in her hand is 
not a wreath, but a kind of knotted fillet, out- 
stretched in a straight line in front of her. 

Babelon in ‘“‘Mélanges et Documents”’ 
speaks of similar fillets. He illustrates some coins 
of Sicyon with the flying dove carrying a fillet in 
its beak (Fig. 6, 7), and others with a naked 
youth holding the same fillet over his head (Fig. 
1, 2, 3, 4 and 5). He quotes Fougéres’ defini- 
tion,!2* which says that these fillets were made of 
knotted wool. Similar fillets are found tied on 
the top of the obelisk of Ambracia on the staters 
177 to 180 (Pl. XVI). Some coins of Croton (Cf. 


100 THE “COLTS” OF AMSA 


Head, Hist. Num., p. 96, fig. 53 and 54) represent 
a tripod adorned with fillets. One (fig. 54) has two 
fillets hanging from the Tripod; on one side is 
Apollo and on the other, the Python. The 
other (fig. 53) shows only one fillet tied to the 
handle of the tripod and the lower end of it raised. 
There is no doubt that both coins reproduce the 
Delphic tripod; and the raised end of the fillet on 
the second coin is certainly meant to indicate that 
it was dangling in the wind that blew from the 
crevice over which the tripod stood in the Adyton. 

All these coins reproduce the Delphic fillet, 
which was probably made of wool or of an- 
other similar material, but always very light, as 
the wind was able to sway it.” The shape 
is always the same; it is a cord with a long series 
of balls or knots, without any space between them 
and ending with a tassel, probably of the same 
material. The fillet that the Nike holds on the 
Ambracian colt is quite different. It is exactly 
the same as the one we find in front of the Apollo’s 
head, on the beautiful tetradrachm of Catana, by 
Euainetos (Cf. B.. M. €. Sicily Nowa eee te 
formed of a cord or ribbon with four pellets and 
ends in a bell-like object, probably metallic. On 
a stater of Velia by PIAIZ TION, there is a Nike 
very similar to the one on the Ambracian colt 
flying to left, over the lion; she holds in her 
hands an object that was taken for a wreath, but 
Poole doubted it was really one.4! On the very 


eo eet is, OF AMBRACIA ror 


fine specimen in the collection of Mr. E. S. G. 
Robinson, who kindly allows me to illustrate it 
(Pl. XVIII, 3), we can distinctly see that this Nike 
holds the same outstretched fillet. 

This fillet is not supposed to have been made of 
a rigid material; it is a cord, a ribbon or a chain, 
and this is confirmed by the Catanian coin, where 
it encircles Apollo’s profile, conforming to the 
shape of the die. But if this fillet is not rigid, 
how could the Nike possibly hold it in a straight 
line in front of her while she is flying? In the 
flight it would naturally slant toward her and not 
precede her. On the coins of Sicyon, illustrated 
by Babelon (figs. 6 and 7), the flying dove holds 
a fillet in its beak which falls in the logical 
position that a ribbon or cord would take when 
carried. 

To explain this abnormal position, we need not 
suppose that the die-cutter was ignorant of the 
laws of gravity. The fact that two coins, of 
different dates, and of places so far apart as 
Ambracia and Velia, show this same strange posi- 
tion, is evidence of a set purpose. The only 
possibility is that Nike is swinging the fillet to 
and fro, during her flight, just as the incensorium 
is swung in the Roman Catholic Church. We 
may conjecture therefore that the die-cutter re- 
produced such a swinging movement. 

This leads to the supposition that this fillet may 
be a swinging OuucaTryjprov or incense-burner, the 


102 THE “COLTS” OF ADIGE AG as 


bell-like ending being the burner. The existence 
of such thymiateria is known; and in the Mu- 
seum of Naples there is a specimen formed by a 
box-like burner, hanging to a chain, very similar 
to the incensorium.!” 

In the writer’s collection there is another colt, 
but of Corinth (Cf. B. M. C., No. 334), on which, 
next to Athena’s head, there is a flying Nike carry- 
ing a thymiaterion. We may deduce that this 
Nike is burning incense in honour of Athena, just 
as the Nike on the Ambracian coin does over the 
head of the Goddess. The only difference be- 
tween the two would be that one Nike uses a 
standing thymiaterion and the other a swinging 
one. 

Several colts of Anactorion have as symbol a 
thymiaterion and fillet. They all belong to the 
same epoch, and Imhoof-Blumer describes them 
under 96, 97, 98.122 These three coins are illus- 
trated on Pl. XIX, 4, 5 and 6. The following 
cuts show the symbols on these coins enlarged. 

a is the usual thymiaterion. 

b is a thymiaterion too, but with four knobs on 
the rod and a kind of flower-like burner. 

c is the so-called fillet. On one end there is a 
ring to hold it, the same knobs are on the string; 
and at the lower end there is the same flower-like 
burner. 

It is very likely that all these represent 
thymiateria, but of differing shapes. The only 


Pee OOS, OF AMBRACIA 103 


distinction is that b has a pedestal and is therefore 
a standing thymiaterion, while c has a ring to hold 
it and is therefore a swinging one. The latter is 
the one we see Nike swinging over the helmet of 
Athena on the die P. 24. Several reverses of this 


A 
&. 
— 


Ih 


OL 18) Cc 


group are beautiful specimens of the art of the 
Fifth Century, as P 26 and P 28, but coupled with 
the same obverse A 23, we find the reverse P 29 
(Pl. IV) that shows a head of Athena that is 
really extraordinary for this period. If it were 
not coupled with the same obverse, nobody would 
have thought it could belong to the Fifth Century. 
This head is of the most awkward style, the eye 
bulgy, the chin large and the neck-guard too big 
for the helmet. If we were guided by style only 
in establishing the chronology of issues, this coin 
might be placed nearly a century after the staters, 
Nos. 38, 39 and 40. 


104 THE “COLTS” OF AMBEAG 


The difference of style is such that we cannot 
suppose die A 23 had laid idle in the mint and 
then been used again. Besides the following die, 
P 30 (Pl. IV), although slightly better, shows a 
remarkable likeness of style; evidently the same 
die-cutter made the two dies—we can still see the 
same protruding eye and the same clumsy manu- 
facture. Obverse A 24 coupled with this die, is 
practically identical with A 23, and only minute 
details permit us to see that it is another die. 

Coin 42 is therefore not a chance coupling with 
an old die, but a coin that really belongs to this 
group. Consequently dies P 29 and P 30 are 
evidently the work of an unskilled die-cutter who 
followed good artists in the mint of Ambracia. 
This proves how misleading it is to rely on 
style alone in establishing the chronological se- 
quence of an issue, and confirms once more the 
desirability of study of the die combinations. 

A remarkable symbol is found on coin 43. It 
represents the sacred conical stone (Gattbdor) 
of the Apollo ’Ayucebs who was worshipped in Am- 
bracia.4 We again find this obelisk of Ambracia, 
on the last silver issue of the mint, and afterwards 
it becomes the principal type of the bronze coins.!”* 

On coin 43 c in the Museum of Athens, there is a 
sort of crescent over the obelisk; probably it is 
accidental, as in all other particulars it corre- 
sponds to die P 30. 


THE COLTS” OF AMBRACIA = 105 


III PERiop, From 426 To 404 B.C. 


After the disaster of Olpai, Ambracia made a 
truce of one hundred years with her neighbours, 
the Amphilochians, and through not taking any 
direct part in all the wars that went on in Greece, 
she soon recovered from her losses and reestab- 
lished her former flourishing condition. This is 
proved by her beautiful coinage. The present 
period begins with the peace with the Akarna- 
nians and ends with the fall of Athens, in 404 B.C. 

Although we have no direct proofs, knowing 
that Ambracia was always faithful to the mother- 
city, we may suppose she stood by Corinth in the 
great war against Athens, whose fall must have 
been particularly pleasing to the Ambracians, and 
worthy of being recorded on an issue of coins. 
The wreathed staters that close this period may 
have been issued to commemorate this event. 


Group A 


In this group, we find some obverses on which 
the Pegasos is of very poor style. If it were not 
for the reverses P 29 and P 30, we would be rather 
at aloss to place them in sequence. A 26, PI. IV, 
especially, shows a Pegasos that is a very ugly 
beast with thick legs and completely out of draw- 
ing. Evidently it is the work of the die-cutter 
responsible for P 29 and P 30. The very bad style 
of these dies may be explained by the hypothesis 


io . THE “COLTS’* OF AMBRAw 


that after the disaster of Olpai, the mint was 
obliged to employ a poor die-cutter, the only 
one they had at hand in that moment of crisis. 
The sequences of dies is surely established, the 
Pegasoi look all more or less related to each other, 
although of better style than A 26. A 25 stands 
alone, but the reverse coupled with it is P 31 that 
is generally found with A 26 and A 27. 

Two obverse dies, A 27 and A 28, are found 
coupled with die P 26 which belongs to the pre- 
vious group. 

A remarkable peculiarity of this group is that 
there is no civic letter on the obverses, while in 
Period II there is always the A beneath the 
Pegasos. All the reverses have the same symbol, 
the kerykeion. 

Group B 


This group is connected with the previous ‘one 
through A 31, which is very similar to A 29. 

All the coins of this group show a deep incuse 
square, which is a sign of archaism. This tech- 
nical peculiarity is abandoned in the following 
groups. Like the obverses of group A those of 
this group, too, have no civic letter beneath the 
Pegasos. 

The reverses are all very similar, save for the 
change insymbols. We find a strung bow, an ivy- 
leaf, a running hound and a crane. They seem 
to be merely ornamental and are all placed in the 


pe CIS 6 OF AMBRACIA : +107 


same way in front of the Athena’s head. Owing 
to these symbols and to the omission of the civic 
initial under the Pegasos, several coins of this 
group have been attributed to other mints. No. 
54 was ascribed by Imhoof-Blumer to Alyzia, 
because of the bow that is generally found on these 
coins, and No. 57 to Argos because of the dog. 

Babelon repeats these attributions, but it 
escaped his attention that he was placing exactly 
the same coins under Ambracia too, when he was 
speaking of the specimens of the British Museum 
described by Head under this mint. This case 
is an interesting evidence in favour of the study of 
the die-combinations; and a glance at Pl. V will 
convince anyone of the importance of the ob- 
verses in the classification of the colts. 


Group C 


Although between groups B and C there are no, 
direct links, the peculiarity of the missing civic 
initial on the obverses is enough to show that the 
two groups are related, as afterwards this A ap. 
pears again; besides, we still find a very deep in- 
cuse square on some coins. The first obverse of 
this group A 32 (Pl. V) shows a Pegasos with a 
wing that is partly effaced—only the ends of the 
feathers can be seen. The second, on the con- 
trary (A 33), shows the wing formed of three 
feathers in very high relief. One might be 


108 THE “COLTS” OF AMERAC rT 


tempted to think that the die has been awkwardly 
recut. 

Reverse P 41 has a symbol representing a 
human figure. It is placed in front of the helmet 
and seems either to climb over it or to dance in 
front of it. 

Reverse P 42 shows the same figure, but larger 
and better modelled. On this we can see a small 
tail. “It therefore represents a Satyr. 


Group D 


The link between this group and the preceding 
is coin 64 (Pl. VI). The reverse P 43 is very like 
P 42. The style is identical, Athena’s head and 
the symbol, again a little human figure, are of the 
same technique. 

The Pegasoi on obverses A 35 and A 36 are 
radically different. Coin 65 (Pl. VI) is the 
coupling of dies A 35/P 44; we find coin 66 from 
dies A 35/P 43, P 43 being the previous’ reverse. 
This coin 65 has an owl for a symbol, and it is 
very likely that the other coins with the same 
symbol and coupled with obverse A 36 and A 37 
belong to the same issue. Die P 43 has a re- 
markable symbol—a naked winged male figure, 
holding a taenia in his hands—can this be Eros? 
The other symbols are all apotropeia; the owl 
(Athena noctua), the fly and the crab. 


Peeeeee iets OF AMBRACIA ‘109 


Group E 


The first obverse of this group, A 38, has ex- 
actly the same Pegasos as 39; it is merely smaller. 
Although the reverses are quite different, there is 
no doubt that coins 75 and 76 are closely related. 

Reverse, P 50, is very interesting; a similar 
wreath of ivy leaves is found on a coin of Leucas 
Peewee ty OX XIV) 15)) Probably 75 in- 
spired the coin of Leucas. The obverses A 39 
and A 40, instead of having only the civic A, have 
AM beneath the Pegasos; and the reverses 
coupled with them have no longer the A only, but 
the full ethnic, AM or AMII. 

Coin 76 has the ethnic for the first time but 
retrograde. This inscription prompted Head to 
place the coin immediately after the archaic 
issues." This retrograde ethnic cannot be con- 
sidered asa sign of archaism. It is more probable 
that it was made so because the die-cutter was not 
used to engraving inscriptions; the omega instead 
of omicron confirms it. 

Coin 77, of which we know one specimen only, 
has a spike-fish as a symbol; it is possible to rec- 
ognize its species. Probably it represents the 
Scorpena porcus that is still common in the Gulf 
of Ambracia. 

Coins 78 and 80 have reverses that seem differ- 
ent but are probably the same die. In front of 
the Athena’s head P 53 has AMII and P 54 AM 


and in the place of II, a locust. 
8 


110 THE “COLTS” OF AiG 


On the plate is illustrated the Paris specimen 
80 c, but this is very poor and the locust looks like 
a flaw. Only on 79 in the de Sartiges collection 
can one distinctly see that P 53 and P 54 are 
probably the same die, on which a locust has been 
cut over the II. 


Group F 


This group is composed of three obverses that 
show very minute differences, the first two re- 
verses coupled with A 41 still show a very deep 
incuse square—indeed, P 55 has a linear frame 
within the incuse square, and this is quite excep- 
tional in the Ambracian series. Some of the 
reverses coupled with the same A 41, have, on the 
contrary, no trace at all of an incuse square; 
these have a wreath of laurel leaves round the 
Athena’s head. The deep incuse square that we 
find on the first two coins of this group, 81 and 82 
(Pl. VII), disappears completely afterwards. 
We may therefore infer that all these coins have 
been issued at about the time when the habit of 
making the reverse-dies on a square punch was 
abandoned. 

It seems that the incuse square on Greek coins 
generally ceases after 400 B.C. Naturally it still 
remains on those coins that are deliberately made 
to look archaic.!”7 Regling brings down this date 
to the beginning of the fourth century.” 


eee eet OP AMBRACIA 111 


M. Vlasto, in his recent exhaustive study of the 
coinage of Alexander, son of Neoptolemos,'” 
expresses the opinion that the above-mentioned 
wreathed staters may have been issued as a tribute 
to Alexander, during his stay in Ambracia, before 
he sailed for Italy in 334 B.C. He bases his 
hypothesis chiefly on the symbol, the thunderbolt, 
which was the Molossian signet. In the first 
place we know that the mint of Ambracia was 
closed in 338 B.C., therefore the coins would not 
have been issued after this date. Furthermore, 
all the coins of this group share the same obverses, 
and are therefore contemporary, so if we accept 
M. Vlasto’s dating for the wreathed staters, we 
should have to bring down the coins with the in- 
cuse square to about the same date, which is 
certainly impossible. 

Besides, if the thunderbolts on the staters with 
the wreath are similar to the Molossian badge, 
those on the two coins with the incuse square are 
certainly very different. Both parts of the 
thunderbolt on the Molossian coins are the same, 
while on the Ambracian dies P 55, P 56 and P 57 
one part is formed by two volutes curled outwards 
and three waved flame-lines; the other part is 
shaped like a lily-bud. These thunderbolts look 
more like those we find on some coins of Olym- 
pia. 

Our hypothesis is that the wreathed staters 
were probably struck to commemorate an im- 


112 THE “COLTS” OF Asp ne 


portant victory. The only event that can have 
left such a mark on the Ambracian currency is the 
fall of Athens. Although this was certainly not 
an Ambracian victory, the fact that this colony 
was always very closely related to the mother- 
city, and probably helped Corinth in the great 
war, explains that the Ambracians may have 
considered it as their own victory too. The 
grudge Ambracia must have had against Athens 
owing to the terrible defeat inflicted upon her by 
the Athenian Demosthenes, fully justifies her 
rejoicing at the fall of Athens, an event worth 
commemorating with an issue of coins. 

We have already seen that the wreathed staters, 
84, 85 and 86, have the obverses from the same 
die A 41, which is found coupled with the reverses 
still showing the incuse square, and that this dis- 
appears completely afterwards. All these coins 
must therefore have been issued at about 400 B.C., 
the date generally accepted for discontinuing the 
square punch for the reverses. This date would 
permit the belief that the wreath of laurel-leaves 
may commemorate the fall of Athens, and there- 
fore we suggest for the end of this period the date 
of 404 B.C. 

Coins 83 and 87 have a very small K between 
the thunderbolt and the helmet. This letter is 
so small that it can be seen on very fine specimens 
only. The size of the letter may suggest that it is 
the signature of an artist; this would be the first 
instance of a signed Ambracian colt. 


Pree eeoaio OF AMBRACIA « 113 


IV PeErRiop, FROM 404 To 360 B.C. 


After the end of the Peloponnesian war we 
know of no other event that might have left marks 
on Ambracia’s coinage. Fixing the end of Period 
IV as 360 B.C. is more for the sake of conven- 
ience than because of any historical data. 

In all the former periods, the symbols, with a 
few exceptions, are simple and inconspicuous... In 
this period many of them, especially in groups B 
and C, are statuesque in form, and often on a 
comparatively large scale. 

Neither in the coinage of the mother-city, 
nor in that of her colonies, do we find a series that 
can be compared with the colts of this period. 
They are certainly the most interesting and charm- 
ing of all staters of Corinthian types. Artistically 
many of them are not out of place among the 
finest Greek coins. 


Group A 


The first obverse of this class, A 44, is found 
coupled with seven reverses. They differ con- 
siderably in style, and if the sequence of the dies 
did not prove it, one would not think they be- 
longed to the same issue. 

This obverse A 44 after the first two coins 90 
and 91 (PI. VII), begins to show small flaws under 
the Pegasos. Two small linear flaws near the A 
transform this letter in some cases, to a sign that 


114 THE “COLTS ~ OF Awa 


is very similar to the monogram of Anactorium,"! 
This coincidence accounts for the attribution by 
Head of coins 93 and 94 to the mint of Anactorium. 
For the same reason in the Cat. Hirsch, X XX, our 
92 and in Cat. Egger, 1908, our 93 are given to 
the same mint. 

Before noticing that these coins, 93 and 94, had 
their obverses from the same dies as other Am- 
bracian staters, their general appearance and the 
large civic initial, the archaic A of peculiar shape, 
so characteristic of the Ambracian coins,} 
prompted placing them under the coins of 
Ambracia. 

On coins 90, 91, 93, 94, 95 and 96, we find for 
the first time letters in addition to the civic 
initial. This is exceptional in the Ambracian 
mint and it is not clear what these letters mean. 
If they were magistrates’ initials one does not 
understand why they should be only on these six 
reverses coupled with the same obverse die A 44. 
And why are they of different sizes and placed all 
round Athena’s head? They look as if they did 
not belong to one name, but to different words. 

On die P 61 under the Goddess’ chin there is 
A, and behind the head ®. 

On die P 64 under truncation of neck AH, and 
over the helmet, to left, =. 

’ On die P 65 under the neck HA, and over the 
helmet the same large =. 

On dies P 66 and 67 before the civic initial, 


Ofte SOLIS OF AMBRACIA 115 


almost in connection with it, a retrograde N. 

The large = situated opposite the civic A of 
about the same size, is certainly not a sigma buta 
M and belongs to the ethnic. 

We have already found on die P 57 a small k 
that may be a signature initial, but the only 
ground to support this hypothesis is the size of 
the letter. But now on dies P 61, P 62 and P 65, 
we find a very minute A which is certainly the 
initial of an artist’s signature.!! In this case 
there is not only the size to support this statement. 
The other letters on the coins, besides the civic 
initial, prove that it could not be a magistrate’s 
initial. And the position chosen by the die- 
cutter for this small A, once in the folding of the 
neck-guard (P 61 and P 62) and once under the 
elbow of the little figure of Pan (P 65), leaves no 
doubt that it is really the signature of an artist. 

These two A’s are so small that they are hardly 
visible on the plate. 

The symbol on P 63 generally described as a 
locust is really a cricket (Grillus campestris or 
domesticus); the size of the head and thorax and 
the short elytrae, make it easy to distinguish this 
insect. 

The branch on P 64 was described by Head as 
a climbing plant, and by Babelon as an ivy- 
branch.4 But coin 176 (Pl. XVI) proves by the 
flower that this is a kind of thistle. 

Dies P 66 and P 67 show a head of Pan in pro- 


116. THE “COLTS” OF AME 


file, and P 65 a Pan with goat’s head and legs, 
holding a branch over his shoulders.1*® 
The Pan symbols on these coins prove that his 
cult was held in honour in Ambracia, probably 
owing to herding of sheep and goats in the 
country °° 3 
Group B 


The link between the former group and this is 
given by coins 98 and 99. These have the reverses 
from dies P 64 and P 65 that belong to Group A, 
but have an obverse die A 46 that we find after- 
wards coupled with reverses P 68 and P 69 of 
quite different style and that have always been 
considered as belonging to an earlier epoch.!*” 
That the sequence of dies P 64, P 65, P 68, P 69 
is correct, is proved by the wear of die A 46. 
When coupled with P 65, it is fresh and the A 
beneath the Pegasos distinctly visible, when with 
P 68 and P 69, on all the 15 specimens we know, it 
is more or less effaced, and on some, of very good 
preservation, one would hardly suspect it ever 
existed. | 

It is certain therefore that the reverses of this 
group follow those of group A. 

All these reverses show a constant type of 
Athena’s head, which is of a peculiar style. The 
eye of the goddess is almond shaped and almost 
full-face, the neck-guard large and rounded. 

They have an archaic aspect which is not in 


Pee tesisis. OF AMBRACIA ‘117 


accordance with the other details of a more ad- 
vanced style. 

Some earlier Leucadian staters 8° show exactly 
the same head of Athena, and we may suppose the 
Ambracian heads were copied from Leucadian 
colts, (or vice versa) or that the heads may have 
been copied independently from a well-known 
statue or typeof Athena. In any event, it is clear 
that these heads are purposely archaistic. 

On coin 106 (Pl. X) we find a lovely girl, in a 
most realistic style, playing at kottabos. The 
contrast between this charming little figure and 
the full face eye of the goddess is striking. A 
great contrast of style exists too between the two 
sides of the coins of this group. Dies P 68 and 
P 69 are first found coupled with the above men- 
tioned A 46, which shows a very poorly modelled 
Pegasos. ‘The body is long and thin, the neck too 
long for the small head, and the extraordinarily 
long tail is almost as long as the body of the horse. 

The other obverses improve by degrees and A 49 
is the best of all. On this we find for the first 
time an A on the hind-quarters of the Pegasos. 
As we find beneath it the civic initial A, we are 
justified in supposing that this A may be an 
artist’s signature, probably the same that made 
the beautiful reverses of this group. 

We know only coin 108 with this obverse. This 
coin now in the writer’s collection passed through 
two sales (Hirsch XXXI, and Naville VI) and 


118 THE “COLTS” OF ABBE At 


nobody noticed this peculiarity, although the A 
is very distinct. The dies of this group inter- 
change frequently and thus establish the chrono- 
logical sequence of the coins. 

A remarkable peculiarity of this group is that 
almost all reverses have the ethnic inscribed at full 
length, but the variations of its spelling are 
surprising. 


On die P 68 and P 69 there is: 
AMITIPAKIOTAN. 


On dies P 70 and P 73 the omicron is replaced by 
omega, and on die P 71 the B replaces the II. 

On die P 84 (Pl. XI), which we now find 
coupled with two obverses belonging to the follow- 
ing group but which we are convinced will be 
found some day coupled with the same obverses 
belonging to the present group, we read: AMIITPAK- 
IQTAN, but the II on coin 124 is larger and heavier 
than the other letters, and it looks as if it had been 
recut over another letter, probably B. 

It is not easy to explain this variation in spelling 
on coins that are so similar. Dies P 68, P 69 and 
P 70 are certainly made by the same artist and 
dies P 71 and P 84 by another—I mhoof-Blumer 
remarked that these two last are probably the 
work of the same die-cutter.1" 

We might suppose that this group of reverses 
was issued at the time of the change of the archaic 
O to Q, but as we have on an earlier coin the full 


Petes OP AMBRACIA | 119 


retrograde ethnic spelled AMITPAKIQTAN (76, 
Pl. VII), we are inclined to believe that the omi- 
cron intentionally replaces the omega on these 
two dies in order to be more in keeping with the 
archaistic head of Athena.!!* Cousinéry had 
noted the use of B and II on these coins, and he 
explains it.‘ As there is only one die with B, and 
another, probably by the same artist, with a II 
that seems to be cut over another letter, we may 
be justified in supposing that this B was a mistake 
of the die-cutter, who corrected it afterwards on 
another die.!4® The mistake is easily compre- 
hensible if we consider that the II is pronounced 
nearly as B after M. 

The first three symbols we find on the coins of 
this group, are the tripod, the lyre (chelys) and 
the flaming-torch. All three are attributes of 
Apollo “Axrios, who was jointly worshipped by the 
Akarnanians and the Ambracians, in the famous 
temple of Aktion. He was considered as the 
protector of navigation,!44 and therefore it was 
quite natural that Ambracia who owed her wealth 
chiefly to her commercial fleet, should honour 
Apollo "Axrvos. 

The flaming-torch is not a usual symbol of 
Apollo,44 but on a coin of Akarnania,!4> we see 
Apollo seated on a rock, and in front of him a 
flaming-torch, and this Apollo is undoubtedly the 
Apollo “Axrios. The symbol is therefore not only 
an attribute of Apollo, but it proves that the coins 


120 THE “COLTS “OF AMBrAG 


were issued under the protection of the God 
worshipped in Aktion. 

Die 71 shows a symbol, that is one of the most 
remarkable and interesting that we find on a 
stater of Corinthian types. 

Helbig has explained that the charming girl 
standing near the pole, is playing at kottabos.1* 
Head repeats this explanation, and says that the 
girl is balancing the scale or tAdo7rvyé on the point 
of the rod that the players may throw their wine 
at it. Half way up the rod is a basin xorraPevov 
to catch the wine, or perhaps the scale itself as it 
fell on being struck by the successful thrower.!* 
Imhoof-Blumer describes a vase where there is a 
maenad in the same attitude as the girl on the 
Ambracian colt, between two dancing satyrs who 
take part at the game with cups in their hands. 
He believes that the girl represents a nymph.!* 

The exquisite modelling of the girl, the graceful 
movement of her body and the pose of her lifted 
head, make of this charming little figure a real 
master-work. The contrast between this realistic 
figure and the conventional Athena’s head is 
striking, as we have already observed, and is 
evidence that the coin cannot be placed at an 
earlier period. 

Reverse P..74 on coin 111 (PL x eiaewen 
Athena’s head similar to all the others of this 
group. The eye is still full-face. The symbol, 
the fore-part of a butting-bull, prompted Head 1! 


fee Obs OF AMBRACIA: “121 


to connect this coin with 12 (PI. I) of the second 
period, the butting-bull on top of Athena’s helmet. 
The type of the Athena, and the obverse which is 
only a reduction of those preceding, are sufficient 
proofs that the coin belongs to this group. 

No. 113, one of the last of the group, is rather a 
puzzling coin. If it were not that the obverse is 
from die A 52, the same found on 111 and 112, it 
would certainly not be placed here. The head of 
Athena is of a quite different style and the incuse 
square would indicate that this die belongs to an 
earlier period. But all the known specimens are 
found coupled with the obverse A 52; and al- 
though the coin is one of the most common colts 
of Ambracia, of which fifteen specimens are re- 
corded, they all come from the same pair of dies. 

To explain this anachronistic reverse, we may 
postulate that the die was made at an earlier 
epoch, and for some reason discarded or put aside. 
After a long time, in a moment of great need, the 
available dies being insufficient—perhaps to re- 
place a broken die—it was used for the first time 
and in conjunction with the obverse-die in use at 
the moment. The symbol on this coin probably 
represents the prow of the vessels Argo (’Apyw) — 
or Pelias (IIjAvas), made from wood taken by 
Athena from the holy oak of Dodona, in which the 
sacred doves (7éAevar) nested. It may therefore 
be considered as a totem of them.!” 


122 THE “COLTS” OF Aisha. 


Group C 


The three obverses of this group A 53, A 54 and 
A 55 are of the best style. The prancing Pegasos 
is well proportioned, the wing large and well 
drawn and in keeping with the beautiful reverses. 
The last two have an A on the Pegasos’ hind- 
quarters, such as we already found on die A 49, 
but the civic initial is no longer on the obverse. 
On the first die A 53, this A is not visible, but as 
this letter can be seen on very fine specimens only, 
and as our only examples so far have a rather 
worn obverse, it is highly probable that this die 
too has the same initial in the same place, the more 
so, that the other die A 56! shows also the same 
letter on the Pegasos’ hind-quarters. 

All these obverses have no letter beneath the 
Pegasos. It is therefore possible that the civic 
initial has only changed its place in copying die 
A 49 on which it probably represented the artist’s 
signature. 

The link that relates group B to the present one 
is given by coins 106 and 115, which have reverses 
from die P 71 with the beautiful girl playing at 
kottabos. The sequence of the coins of this group 
is well established as the dies interchange fre- 
quently. We can trace the progression without 
interruption. 

These colts are certainly the finest among all 
the staters of Corinthian types, and they are of 


Pete OoLs OF AMBRACIA — 123 


the greatest interest for the variety and im- 
portance of the symbols, which should no longer 
be called symbols, but, rather, Ambracian types, 
added to the conventional Corinthian types of the 
Pegasos and Athena’s head. 

The girl playing at kottabos is the first of these 
Ambracian types; the second is a very important 
one, representing the historical founder of Am- 
bracia. Only two specimens are known with this 
reverse P 83. One coupled with A 54 was in the 
Rhousopoulos collection and we do not know 
where it now is. The other specimen, coupled 
with A 55, isin the Cabinet des Médailles in Paris 
(No. 127, Pl. XI). On this coin there is a fine 
naked male figure, wearing a conical pilos and sup- 
porting himself with a long staff. In front of the 
Athena head there is the inscription TOPTOL— 
no doubt the name of the hero represented. 
Owing to the head-gear this figure was taken for a 
Dioskouros, but R. Rochette recognized that it is 
Gergos,!® son of Kypselos, the leader of the 
Corinthian colonists. Writers designate this hero 
in different ways: Torgos, Gordios,!® Gorgias or 
Gorgos. This last, being on the coin, may be 
considered the correct one. 

There is a very striking analogy between Taren- 
tum and Ambracia. In Tarentum the leader 
of the Lacedaemonian colonists was Phalanthos, 
the historical oekist of the town.'54 But 
the mythic, eponymous, native oekist was 


124 THE “COLTS” OF AMPEA 


Taras, the son of Satyra and Poseidon.'®> In _ 
Ambracia the same condition holds. Gorgos, 
like Phalanthos, is the historical founder of the 
town, while Ambrax, son of Thesprotos, is the 
eponymous, native oekist. On the Ambracian 
colt we find Gorgos leaning on a long plain staff # 
(oxym7T pov), the royal staff, symbolizing his author- 
ity over the colony he has founded. On several 
Tarentine nomoi (Vlasto No. 14) we find Phalan- 
thos with the same symbol of authority.* 

Dies P 78 and 78a on coins 116, 123 and 126 
have another interesting Ambracian type, a youth- 
ful horned male figure, naked, seated on a bull’s 
head. On die P 78a in front of Athena’s head 
there is the inscription APAQOOZL. On die P 78 
the inscription is over the seated figure’s head; 
and on specimen 116a in Berlin we can distinctly 
read: APA. ee. 

The two dies, P 78 and P 78a, although they 
have different inscriptions and are differently 
placed, are really the same. P 78 is the first state 
of the die and P 78a is the state after a modifica- 
tion has been made toit. This is proved by coins 
126 a (Pl. XI) and 126g (Cf. Bement, 966). On 
the first,there is a little flaw under the chin of 
Athena; on the second, the die-break is larger and 
crosses the inscription, while on no specimen of 116 
can we see a flaw. Furthermore, on all well pre- 
served specimens with reverses from P 78a, one can 
distinctly see faint traces of the inscription above 


Peete Otils “OR AMBRACIA 1425 


the figure; and on specimen 126a, in the writer’s 
collection, one can notice the A of the beginning 
of the inscription, examining the coin under a tan- 
gent light. We may therefore conclude that the 
inscription on die P 78 being found unsatisfactory, 
probably because of the mistake in spelling (T in- 
stead of ®), was erased, and the correct one, in 
front of the Athena head, substituted. 

Evidently the horned youth represents a river- 
god; and since the name inscribed is that of the 
river flowing through Ambracia, it is obvious that 
this river-god represents the Arachthos deified. 

Imhoof- Blumer! and Head © explain this 
figure in the same way, but Babelon !! says: 
“Sur ce statére le nom "ApadVJos est un nom de 
magistrat et non point celui du dieu-fleuve Arat- 
thos qui est en symbole derriére la téte de Pallas. 
L’Aratthos est le flueve qui arrosait Ambracie; 
le magistrat appelé aussi Aratthos a pris naturelle- 
ment pour symbole la figure du dieu-fleuve dont il 
portait le nom.” 

Babelon in this case, preoccupied only in finding 
a plausible confirmation of the ‘ Magistrates’- 
signet theory,’’ tried to find a roundabout explana- 
tion for the symbol, rather than to see in an ob- 
jective way, the simple evidence of the name of 
the river inscribed over the head of the river-god. 

Coin 128 (Pl. XI), of which we know only the 
specimen in Mr. Newell’s collection, shows a 
winged male figure riding adolphin. Head and 

9 


126 THE “COLTS” OF AMERAGE 


Riggauer,’® describing a later revival, of the same 
type (Pl. XIV, 150) are of the opinion that the 
figure represents an Eros, which is only natural 
as the figure has wings and rides a dolphin. 
Similar Erotes are often met at later dates. (Cf. 
Berlin cat., Lil, Tat, XLV¥,92007- 

The three above mentioned dies, P 78a, P 83 
and P 85, have striking analogies of style and 
composition—on all three the heads of Athena, 
and the general appearance is exactly the same; 
and on all three the civic initial is on the bowl of 
the helmet. 

The symbols, of the same nature, are real 
Ambracian types. On the first two, P 78a and 
P 83, they are treated in the same way and placed 
similarly. Both dies have names opposite the 
symbols. 

The two figures on dies P 78a and P 85 are in an 
attitude that is peculiar—both are clasping hands 
round the left knee. There can be little doubt 
that the three reverses are the work of the same 
artist. | 

We have seen how similar the reverses P 78 a, 
P 83 and P 85 are—this last has the winged 
dolphin-rider in place of Gorgos and Arachthos, 
which are on the other two. If this winged figure 
represents an Eros it would be out of place between 
the oekist and the river-god of Ambracia. We 
may therefore infer that he represents a local 
hero. It would not be surprising if on a more 


eee ont OF AMBRACIA § 127 


complete specimen of 128, we were to find an in- 
scription in front of Athena’s face, as with TOPO 
on die P 83 and APA@88O02 on die P 78a, which 
would explain the meaning of the winged dol- 
phin-rider and give us his name. 

As we have already said,!*4 die P 84 (Pl. XI) 
really belongs to the previous group. Athena’s 
head is exactly the same as on die P 71. The 
youthful naked male figure, standing with his 
right hand raised to his head, is very similar to the 
girl playing at kottabos. Imbhoof-Blumer had 
previously observed this likeness and suggested 
that the two dies were made by the same die- 
cutter, which is highly probable. He supposes 
that this die is a pendant of die P 71 and that the 
two complete each other. Hesays that this figure 
may represent a young Pan looking at the playing 
nymph.'! Head considers that it represents an 
athlete.) 

All the known specimens of this coin were more 
or less incomplete, the head of the figure always 
partially off-flan. This accounts for Imhoof- 
Blumer’s and Head’s suggestions. The only 
specimen that shows the complete figure is 125 f, 
in Paris (de Rothschild coll.), and this was not 
known to them. On 125 f, one can see that the 
handsome youth with long wavy curls wears a 
Corinthian helmet without crest or neck-guard. 
His r. hand is raised above the vizor in the attitude 
of taking off or putting on his helmet. This 


128 THE “COLTS” OF Apres 


figure may represent the copy of a statue of a local 
hero. 

A naked figure with a helmet might represent 
Ares, but against this attribution is the fact that 
the god is never associated with Athena, who was 
known to be his enemy and the only one that 
could stand against him.1®@ Besides Ares in this 
epoch is generally represented either wearing a 
chlamys, or naked, with a crested helmet and a 
spear in his hand. 

Babelon describing coin 125d in the British 
Museum says that the obverse has AM under the 
Pegasos while in reality there is no letter at all, 
the civic initial being on the hind-quarters, on 
both dies A 54 and A 55. This error is under- 
standable because in the catalogue of the British 
Museum there is no indication at all on the ob- 
verses of 5 and 6; and as there is AM under the 
Pegasos of 4, he thought all three had AM. 

The reverse from die P 82 on coins 120 and 
129 shows a flying Eros (?) binding an olive-wreath 
round Athena’s helmet. Babelon places this coin 
by mistake, under Corinth and supposes the 
wreath is of laurel and is meant to commemorate 
the victory of Chaeronea.'’ But afterwards, in 
the posthumous part of his Traité, he describes the 
London specimen and repeats Head’s explanation 
about the olive-wreath.1* 

The reverse from die P 81 on coins 119, 131 and 
133’ has a symbol representing a Gorgon’s head 


fete Os OF-AMBRACIA — 129 


placed sideways. The tongue instead of being 
downwards is towards Athena's neck. 

Although this position is puzzling, the choice of 
the symbol is quite natural. Probably it is an al- 
lusion to the epithet of yopyogovos often given 
to Athena !® and is employed as a protection 
against evil influences, the Gorgon’s head being 
known as one of the most powerful amorpdémara.!” 

This die P 81 is the only Ambracian die with 
the civic initial A on the neck guard, the small A 
we find on coins 90 and 91 in the same place 
being a signature. 

Die P 79 shows a bearded hero wearing a conical 
pilos and armed with sword and shield. Only on 
the specimen 117g (PI. X) can this symbol be seen 
completely. On all others, the shield is partially 
off-flan, and looks like a bow. 


PERIOD V, FROM 360 To 338 B.C. 


As we have already stated, the date for the 
beginning of the present period is only conject- 
ural. The reverses have still the same kind of 
Ambracian types for symbols but a new type of 
Pegasos marks the commencement of the period. 
The end corresponds to the closing of the Am- 
bracian mint in 338 B.C., after the battle of 
Chaeronea, when Philip of Macedon placed a 
garrison in the town." 

Under Pyrrhus, and afterwards, Ambracia 
struck coins only sporadically—chiefly bronzes. 


130 THE “COLTS” OF Axia 


Group A 

The first Pegasos of this group is a new type, 
and entirely different from all the others of the 
series. It looks like a ‘revival’ of the archaic 
Pegasos with curled wing, but instead of flying, 
he is walking. There is an exergual line. A 
similar Pegasos is found on a corresponding issue 
of Corinthian staters, of which we illustrate six 
specimens on Pl. XIX. 

These staters were considered as belonging to 
the fifth century,’ which is certainly a mistake. 
The style of the reverses is of much later date, and 
it is more likely that they, as well as the Am- 
bracian coins of this group, belong to the middle 
of the fourth century. 

The archaism of this walking Pegasos is un- 
doubtedly intentional, and is evidently copied 
from a well-known Corinthian work of art. The 
style of the Ambracian reverses coupled with die 
A 57 (Pl. XII) and the following Pegasos with 
pointed wing that we find on die A 58 coupled 
with some of the same reverses, proves sufficiently 
that this archaistic Pegasos belongs to this group. 
These two Pegasoi although different in design, 
show a head in the very same pose. On both it is 
slightly turned to 1. and is not quite in profile. 

The Pegasos on die A 58 (Pl. XIII) shows a 
remarkable peculiarity found in this and the fol- 
lowing group only. The wing is composed of three 
rows of feathers, one of long and two of small 


Pee Oto OF AMBRACIA 131 


feathers. This very characteristic feature permits 
us to establish the sequence of the following 
group. Die A 57 after the first coin, 135 (PI.XIJ), 
shows a flaw on the exergual line which is very 
small on coins 136 and much larger on coins 137 
and 138 (Pl. XII). This flaw gives us the possi- 
bility of establishing the exact chronological se- 
quence of dies P 86, P 87, P 88 and P 89. Die 
P 86, the first of the present group is in fact 
very similar to the previous reverses, with 
the same kind of Ambracian type; and the ob- 
verse coupled with it is fresh and shows that it 
comes from a new die (see coins 135b and 135i, 
Peek is 

Dies P 86 and P 87 are very similar—only the 
symbols change, but P 88 and P 89 are of com- 
pletely different style—they look older, and the 
symbols too are of a simple nature, as we find on 
earlier coins. Judging only by the appearance, 
they should have been placed in an earlier period. 

Coin 135 is a very interesting one, the symbol 
on the reverse is a real “tableau de genre’ and 
one of the Ambracian type that we have seen in 
the previous group. Head,!” having only the 
specimen cf the British Museum where half the 
symbol is off-flan, could not see what it really was 
and gives therefore the following very ingenious 
explanation: ‘‘ Naked male figure, perhaps Am- 
brax the traditional founder, seated on rocks, 
while on the other side of the principal type a 


132. THE “COLTS” OF As Erie 


swan swims to the left, this type symbolizing 
perhaps the city of Ambracia, the acropolis of 
which occupied a rocky height at the foot of which 
the river Arachthus, indicated by the swan, 
flowed through a fertile plain towards the 
Ambracian gulf.’ ?@ 

On the splendid specimen of the same coin from 
the Imhoof-Blumer collection, we can distinctly 
see that what was taken for a swan is really the 
very same symbol we have already seen on the 
coins of the second period beneath the Pegasos 
(Pl. I, 12, 13 and Pl. II, 14 to 20). Itrepresents a 
serpent coiled round a land-tortoise and striking 
at it. Head’s suggestion that the naked figure 
represents Ambrax is very probable and the staff 
that the figure holds in his left hand, a symbol of 
authority, seems to confirm that this is the 
mythical oekist of Ambracia. 

We may reconstruct Head’s explanation taking 
into consideration our own exegesis of the symbol 
wrongly described as a swan. Ambrax, the 
eponymous oekist of the town, seated, with the 
staff as symbol of his authority in his hand, is 
witnessing the destruction of the “turtle’’ by 
Erichthonios. 

The serpent-turtle symbol first appeared on 
coins issued just after the stoppage of the Aegine- 
tan ‘‘turtles.’’ At the time, as we stated, it was 
probably an allusion to the disappearance of a 
strong competitor of the “‘colts’’ and was a sort of 


Pee OF AMBRACIA — 133 


prevision of the consequences that this would have 
on the diffusion of the ‘‘colts.’’ It may be sur- 
prising to find the same symbol on coins of an 
epoch in which Aegina was again striking coins, but 
before 456 B.C. the ‘‘turtles’’ were almost a 
Peloponnesian currency and a dangerous com- 
petitor of the Corinthian staters, while after the 
fall of Athens, the coins of Aegina were only a 
local currency, no longer interfering with the 
Corinthian influence. 

Coin 136, immediately following the above, has 
a symbol always described as ‘Infant Heracles 
strangling serpents,’ and it is really surprising 
that nobody should have noticed there were no 
serpents to be found in the boy’s hands! The 
mistaking of the serpent-turtle symbol for a swan 
is quite comprehensible as the symbol is often 
partly off-flan. The tortoise looks like the back 
of the swan and the serpent like its neck, but the 
symbol on coin 136 is always complete, and noth- 
ing can be mistaken for serpents, although Head, 
Babelon, Grose and others, seem to have detected 
them. 

This plump little boy is certainly not the infant 
Heracles. Heisina squatting attitude, the right 
knee slightly higher than the left, as if he were 
raising himself. With his left hand he supports 
himself on the ground—his right is raised as if 
pointing at something. 

On an Apulian vase in the R. Museum of Bo- 


134 THE “COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 


logna, there is a similar plump boy, with a thyrsos 
in his right hand; he is in the same squatting 
attitude.!"5 Above him is inscribed Avoviaos,!”4 
and to the left there is the head of Persephone- 
Kore. Gerhard ?’® illustrated this vase and 
identified the child as Iacchos, the mystic off- 
spring of Kore. 

Evans,!” speaking of a small Tarentine gold coin 
with a similar boy, but with a distaff in his right 
hand and a spool of wool in his left, describes the 
same vase and says that the child on the coin may 
be regarded as the infantile representation of 
Taras, and the comparison with the boy on the 
vase marks the influence of a prevalent Chthonic 
cult on that of the eponymic founder. 

Iacchos was often represented as a handsome 
boy, wpatos Oéos,!”8 and his place near Athena’s 
head could perhaps be explained by the version 
that he was saved by Dionysos and given to 
Athena who nursed him.!9 

As Gerhard’s identification of the boy on the 
above mentioned vase is generally accepted, we 
may be justified in thinking that the symbol on the 
Ambracian stater represents Iacchos; and, if so, 
it is probably to be connected with the annual 
Eleusinian festivals. 

The symbol we find on coins 137, 138, 142 and 
143, is an androcephalous bull, full-face and in 
profile. The head in profile is similar to the 


Pee os OP AMBRACIA § — 135 


symbol found on the colts of Stratos,® which 
evidently represent the _ river-god Acheloiis. 
Oberhummer’s !*! opinion that this head on the 
Ambracian staters may represent the river-god 
Aracthos is to be discarded; we have already seen 
that Aracthos was represented as a youth, while 
this is the bearded face of an elderly man and 
therefore certainly an Acheloiis head. The cult 
of this river-god was not localized in the country 
through which the greatest of the Greek rivers 
passed, but was general over all Greece.1*! 

But Acheloiis was not only the river-god, he 
was also the personification of the liquid element 
and was therefore an important part of the cult of 
Dodona,!®? where Zeus had the surname of Ndatos 
and the oracles delivered there began generally 
with: “AxeXwow Avev.18! We may therefore con- 
clude that these symbols on the Ambracian colts 
not only represent Acheloiis’ head, but are 
closely related to the famous temple of Dodona. 

The symbol we find on 144 is a flying dove 
CPA). next to it, there is NI. A similar 
bird is found on two other coins of the series, 148 
and 181 (Pl. XIII and Pl. XVI), this last one with 
the inscription NIKOZOH.... This dove is 
probably one of the Peleiai (Ilé\evac), the sacred 
birds of Dodona, that nested in the holy oak. 
From the flight of these doves, and the places 
where they perched, the priestess, Peleias, inter- 
preted the oracle of Zeus.'%% This is therefore 


136 THE “COLTS” OF AME 


probably another Dodonian symbol employed 
as an amorpoTatov.154 

Coins 139 and 140 (Pl. XIII), also have a very 
interesting symbol—a beautiful little figure of 
Zeus, striding to right and hurling a thunderbolt. 
This small Zeus examined under a magnifying 
glass, shows the most perfect features and anat- 
omy. The well-proportioned body and great ac- 
curacy in the smallest details make this a marvel- 
lous figure. Few Greek coins can show so 
nearly perfect workmanship in such a reduced 
size. 

This Zeus is certainly not the creation of the 
artist who made Athena’s head, which, although 
good, shows certain weaknesses. The helmet is 
too small for the head and there is a general flat- 
ness to the whole. Itis probable that he carefully 
copied the Zeus from a well-known and celebrated 
work of art. As the previous symbols refer to 
Dodona, it would not be impossible that this is 
the statue of the famous Dodonian Zeus. 

It is regrettable that the best known specimen, 
illustrated on Pl. XIII, although very good, is not 
in mint state. If it were, we might perhaps dis- 
cover round the Zeus’ head the wreath of oak- 
leaves. 

An argument in favour of our hypothesis is the 
little bronze found in Dodona and now in the 
Berlin Museum.!8> This, although of very rough 
style shows a Zeus in exactly the same attitude. 


THE “COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 137 


He is striding to right and hurling a thunderbolt 
with his right hand, while the left is outstretched. 
Arms and legs are in the same pose. It is possible 
that this bronze is a rough copy of the same 
statue. Considering that Ambracia was on*the 
easiest route to the famous sanctuary of Dodona, 
while from the coast opposite Corcyra the way was 
very steep and difficult, and several parallel chains 
of mountains had to be climbed before reaching 
the town,!** it is natural that a continuous flow of 
pilgrims should have passed through Ambracia so 
that she was constantly in contact with Dodona. 
This would explain the reason for frequently 
choosing Dodonian symbols for her coins. 

The two reverses, P 90 and P 97, have heads of 
Athena that look to be from the same die. The 
dolphin under the neck of the Goddess and the A 
over the Zeus are perhaps added afterwards. 


Group B 


The most interesting coin of this group is that 
with a naked figure kneeling under the Pegasos, 
examining its hoof. This obverse A 61 (PI. XIII), 
is different from all other obverses of the whole 
series; it stands quite isolated. We are able to 
place it here owing to the kindness of Sir 
Charles Oman, who kindly sent me a cast of the 
remarkable and probably unique stater in his 
collection, with Pegasos flying over a running 


138 THE “COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 


Chimaera (145, Pl. XIII). This coin is the link 
between the previous group and the present. 
The Pegasos on the obverse A 60 is very similar to 
that on die A 58; the only difference is that one is 
slightly smaller than the other. Both Pegasoi 
have their heads and wings of thesameshape. As 
we have already remarked, all wings previously 
have had only two rows of small feathers—these 
two have three rows. 

The Pegasos following on die A 61, although 
standing instead of flying, is very similar. It has 
the same head, and the wing is also composed of 
three rows of small feathers. This would be 
enough to show that A 60 and A 61 follow each 
other, but both obverses are coupled with the 
same reverse, P 94, therefore it is evident that the 
two coins 145 and 146 belong to the same issue. 
Coin 145, now published for the first time, has 
on the obverse as we have noted, a running 
chimaera under the flying Pegasos. Nos. 146 
and 147 have the same obverse, A 61, on which we 
see, under the standing Pegasos, a little figure 
holding the right hoof in his hand and examin- 
ing it. 

Nowhere else in this series, excepting the coins 
of the second period with the serpent-turtle sym- 
bol on the obverses (Pl. I and II), do we find 
symbols on the Pegasos die. 

Dies A 60 and A 61 seem exceptions, but it is 
evident they are not symbols. Neither the chi- 


THE “COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 139 


maera nor the little figure are independent of the 
principal type—they are integral parts cf the myth 
of Pegasos. On the first it is obvious that the 
Pegasos flying over the chimaera is an allusion to 
the fight of Bellerophon with that monster. 

The second obverse is less easy to understand 
and has been interpreted variously. Mionnet 
thought it represented a satyr, owing to a small 
tail he imagined he saw.18’ Head described 
this little figure as a naked youth sitting on a 
low stool and examining the hoof of Pegasos; 
he supposed this coin to have been inspired by a 
contemporary didrachm of Tarentum!** (Evans 
type C—Period IV) which has exactly the same 
figure under the horse. Evans described it as 
‘‘a naked boy picking a pebble from the horse’s 
hoof.” 48 Babelon, too, states that the Am- 
bracian colt has been copied from the Tarentine 
coin, and adds that these kinds of reproductions 
of types are due to the fancy of the die-cutters or 
mint-magistrates who “s’en sont fait un jeu et un 
amusement.’’ 190 

The numismatists who have described this coin 
have had only one or two specimens at their dis- 
posal, and as the little figure is very small, and 
often badly struck or blurred, their descriptions 
are not always exact. 

We have carefully examined fourteen casts 
from the same die, and have ascertained the 
following points: 


140 THE “COLTS” OF AS Rat a 


1. The figure does not represent a boy, but a 
strong muscular man; and the face, very clear on 
some specimens, is not that of a boy. 

2. He has no tail. On some specimens (e.g., 
146b) a small tail-like flaw can be seen, but on 
others (like 147a) this is much larger and can no 
longer be taken for a tail. On others, again 
(146d), the flaw does not exist. 

3. He is not sitting on a stool, but sits on his 
right heel; the left foot can be seen beneath the 
right knee. 

4. He holds the hoof with his left hand, while 
his right is above it. The attitude is of attentive 
examination. 

From these observations we may conclude that 
the figure is not a satyr or a young boy as on the 
Tarentine nomos. 

Babelon’s hypothesis of a die-cutter or magis- 
trate amusing himself by imitating another coin 
that represents ‘‘a boy picking a pebble out of a 
horse’s hoof’’ is highly improbable—the Greek 
mentality was far too subtle to indulge in such 
‘‘pastime.”’ 

Eckhel, in his Numi Veteres Anecdoti, suggested 
an explanation that has been forgotten. With the 
support of some verses of Dionysos Periegetes and 
comments of the Scholiast Eustathios, where it is 
recorded that Pegasos before reaching Tarsos had 
lost a hoof,!" he says that the little figure rep- 
resents Bellerophon examining the injured foot of 


THE “COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 141 


Pegasos. This is a very probable explanation 
and our observations exactly correspond with it. 
Furthermore, it receives confirmation from the ob- 
vious meaning of obverse A 60 on coin 145 of the 
same issue. 

As stated above, both coins have therefore 
obverses representing an incident of the myth of 
Pegasos. 

Consequently we may conclude that this Am- 
bracian colt has mythological significance, and 
that the Tarentine nomos has not. It is there- 
fore but reasonable that this last one should have 
been inspired by the first and not vice-versa, as 
has been supposed. The colts circulated freely 
in South Italy, and may have tempted a Tarentine 
die-cutter to copy them. The nomoi of Tarentum 
of lighter weight were certainly not frequently to 
be met in Ambracia. Consequently, the Am- 
bracian coin is earlier than the Tarentine. The 
better style of the latter is not surprising if we 
consider that the mint of Tarentum possessed 
such famous artists, as PJ and KAA at the time.!% 

On coins 148 and 149 (Pl. XIII-XII) we see 
again a sacred 7éAera of Dodona, such as we have 
already found on die P 93. 

On coin 151 there is a serpent, another effective 
amroT pot avov.!94 

Die P 97 on the rare coin 150 is a revival of die 
P 85 (Pl. XI). The head is larger—the A is no 
longer on the bowl of the helmet, but under the 

10 


142 THE “COLTS” OF AMBRA a 


neck truncation, The dolphin-rider, larger too, 
isin the same attitude—clasping his hands round 
the left knee. 

This is the only case of a revival of an old type 
in all the Ambracian series, and seems to confirm 
our opinion that the dolphin. rider is not intended 
for the usual Eros. As we already stated, it is 
probable that it represents a local hero, whose 
name we may learn some day. 

Head suggested that this type was also inspired 
by the Tarentine nomoi.!"” This was natural enough 
as he believed that the type found on coin 146 
was borrowed from the same mint. But if coin 
150 were the only coin having such faint resem- 
blance to the Tarentine coinage, we are sure he 
would never have suggested that the winged-hero 
was borrowed from Tarentum. 

Coins 152, 153, 155, 156 and 159 are the simplest 
colts of Ambracia. After the interesting and 
elaborate dies we have been considering, they 
make a strange contrast. 

Like dies P 94 and P 95, die P 99 has only the 
civic initial, but in the first two it was only natural 
that they should be simple, as they were coupled 
with a very pictorial obverse, while in this very 
simple coin there are just the standard Corinthian 
types. 

“Die P 100 (153, 155 and 156, Pl. XIV) is still 
simpler—merely Athena’s head. This is certainly 
the least interesting of the series. 


tee era OF AMBRACIA = 143 


Die P 101 (154 and 157) and P 102 (158), on the 
contrary, are very remarkable. The heads are 
exactly the same—as though they were from the 
same die—but the symbols are different. Natu- 
rally it would be possible that the shrimp might 
have been cut over the dolphin, but it does not 
seem in exactly the same place. 


Group C 

From this moment to the closing of the mint, 
the wing of Pegasos shows a marked tendency to 
curl upwards. This peculiarity of the wing is 
common to all late staters of Corinthian types. 
In this group this peculiarity is just perceptible, 
but in the following it is more accentuated. 

The Pegasoi on the five obverses composing this 
group are all very similar. The first four reverses 
have Olympian symbols—they are all evidently 
derived from the staters of Olympia. 

Die P 103 has a thunderbolt of a very uncom- 
mon shape, the upper part composed of two wings 
and a central dart. These wings are not sym- 
metrically disposed; the left one overlaps the 
dart to right. A similar thunderbolt is found on 
certain coins of Olympia > (Seltman, 166, die 
60, Pl. V).. We know only one specimen of coin, 
160, Pl. XIV, with this symbol. It is, we believe, 
hitherto unpublished. 

Die P 104 has an eagle with spread wings stand- 
ing on a ram’s head; this too is very similar to a 


144 THE “COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 


coin of Olympia (Seltman, 320, die id, XI). 
The resemblance to the Olympian coins is so 
strong that E. Curtius 8° supposed Elis had also 
struck coins of Corinthian types and that our 157 
might be a colt of this town. 

Die P 105 shows an eagle with:spread wings 
holding a serpent in its beak, similar to the eagle of 
another Olympian stater (Seltman 123, die BH, 
Pl. IV). P 106 has another symbol of the same 
kind, an eagle standing upright as on Seltman 312 
(die Jw, XI). 

All four reverses are. found coupled with the 
same obverse. They are all very rare, and but 
few specimens are known of each. They must 
have been in use for a short time only. 

These symbols are too numerous and too similar 
to the coins mentioned to be considered as a casual 
coincidence. They are certainly taken from the 
Olympian types and must have been chosen to 
commemorate an Ambracian event in connection 
with Olympia. What this event could have been 
is rather difficult to conjecture; certainly it was 
not political. Perhaps it was the admission of 
Ambracia to the Olympian games, or rather some 
important agonistic victory obtained there. 

The other reverses of this group which share 
obverses with the previous, have another charac- 
teristic that is distinctive—the helmet of Athena 
has a crest. To our knowledge, this crested hel- 
met is found on these colts and on some of Anacto- 


THE “COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 148 


rium and Leucas. The combination of dies of 
coins with the crested helmet and those with the 
Olympian symbols proves that they follow each 
other. Thesymbol found with the crested helmet 
is always a spear-head, a characteristic Aeakid 
badge, which became at a later period a recognized 
badge of the autonomous Epirote mints.!%7 


Group D 


The coins that form this group all have the 
Pegasos with the wing curled upwards. Their 
style is rather pcor and clearly shows the begin- 
ning of decadence. The two obverses, A 76 and 
A 77 (Pl. XV—XVI), must have been used for a 
long time. The first we find coupled with four 
reverses, the second with eight. 

On the obverse of coin 173 there are such large 
flaws that the Pegasos is completely disfigured. 
It is astonishing that such a damaged die should 
still have been used. No coins without these 
flaws are known. 

The following die A 77 has also large flaws but 
we can follow the progression of the fracture of 
the die from the beginning. No. 174 is the first 
coin we find with this obverse and the flaw is 
very small near the Pegasos’ right hind-leg. 

Reverse P 114 is almost the same as P 115; 
but very small differences enable us to see that 
they are not the same die. This coin is the link 
between the two obverses and proves that A 77 


1446 THE “COLTS” OF AMBRAG A 


replaces A 76 when this was completely broken. 
The small flaw we see on the above mentioned 
coin progressively augments in size, until on coin 
181 the die shows a large lump that covers the © 
hind-legs of the Pegasos. The chronological se- 
quence of the seven reverses can therefore easily 
be established. | 

The continued use of the two obverses so dam- 
aged is almost unique in the Greek series; either 
very bad metal was employed in making the 
dies, or they had great difficulties in making 
new ones. Anyhow, although this may sound 
incredible, it seems that only one pair of dies was 
in use at the time and that one die replaced the 
other when this could no longer be used. 

We think it necessary to remark for the sake of 
accuracy that the fractures show practically the 
same state of progression on all the specimens of 
the same couplings. We have not chosen ex- 
tremes to illustrate on the plates, but just the best 
available specimens. Thus, for instance, all three 
specimens of 181 show the obverse in the same 
state of fracture. 

A very strange circumstance is that of all the 
eleven reverses found coupled with these two 
obverses, but one (P 112) shows a small fracture. 
It has always been thought the reverses wore more 
quickly than the obverses, and the greater number 
of them seems to prove it. But if this be so, how 
is it that the surviving coins do not show traces of 


THE “COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 147 


wear? The only explanation would be that they 
were changed frequently and as soon as a fracture 
appeared; but, if so, why were not the ob- 
verse dies changed too, when they were in such 
a state—for example the obverses on coins 170, 
173, 180 and 181? 

Dies P 111 and P 112 have a thymiaterion for 
symbol. Here we can see that the burner is very 
small and shaped like an acorn. This shows that 
the ending of the swinging thymiaterion, of which 
we have spoken on p. 102, is not too small for a 
burner. Dies P 113 and P 114 have Athena’s 
head from the same die, but P 114 has a bunch of 
grapes added afterwards to the die. It may be 
that this bunch of grapes has been added to hide a 
fracture of the die. 

On die P 117 there is a branch of thistle for 
symbol. Babelon described it as a poppy—prob- 
ably he did not notice the flower or that the leaves 
had thorns. 

Dies P 118, 119, 120, 121 and 126 all have the 
same symbol—the obelisk of Ambracia, which we 
have already found on coin 43 (PI. IV) of the II 
Period.'*4 

Coin 181 is very interesting. We know only 
three specimens of it. On the London specimen 
there are five letters, NIKO; on the specimen in 
the writer’s collection the inscription is more 
complete, NIKOZOE . . ., but some letters are ob- 
viously missing. Probably the complete inscrip- 


148 THE “COLTS” OF AMeAGi 


tion is Nikosthenes. If this is the name of a magis- 
trate, it would be the only Ambracian colt with a 
magistrate’s name. ‘The symbol of this very late 
coin is a dove, such as we found on coin 144 
(Pl. XIII) on which, near the dove, we find NI. 

As we know no other_Ambracian colt with a 
magistrate’s name, we are more inclined to believe 
that NIKOZOE .. . does not represent the name 
of a magistrate but a name of a local hero like 
TOPTO2. 

Die P 124 is again inscribed AMIIPA, which isa 
very remarkable feature for such a late coin. 

Head places 183 at a very early period, prob- 
ably owing to the ethnic, but there is no doubt 
that it is one of the last colts of Ambracia. The 
Pegasos’ wing curled upwards is a very sure 
feature of a late issue, and it is never found before 
the fifth period. Besides, the style of Athena’s 
head is very bad too and certainly has nothing in 
common with the archaistic style of our 100, 101, 
102 (Pl. IX) and 106 (Pl. X), among which the 
coin was placed in the Catalogue of the British 
Museum.?%8 

This coin, like the two following, has the obverse 
from the same die A 78, with AM beneath the 
Pegasos; 183 and 184, illustrated on Pl. XVI, have 
this M off-flan, but on 182 it is visible. The M 
near the A was probably necessary at the time to 
distinguish the colts of Ambracia from those of 
Argos, this mint having started to employ the 


poe COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 149 


civic initial A as Ambracia had always done be- 
fore. 

Nos. 184 and 182 are both known by one speci- 
men only—the first in the writer’s collection and 
the second in Paris, where it is among the colts of 
uncertain mints. This coin has a very peculiar 
symbol; the very careful and realistic reproduction 
permits us to establish that it does not represent 
the common locust which we often find used as a 
symbol on Greek coins, but the female of Locusta 
viridissima or cantans, bearing eggs, which ac- 
counts for the abnormal size of the abdomen. 


Uncertain Mints 


The coins under this heading are generally con- 
sidered as belonging to Ambracia. 

They are of three distinct groups. To the first 
belong 186, 187, and 188; they are of a quite 
peculiarly coarse style—the Pegasos on the only 
obverse found coupled with the three reverses is 
of very rough workmanship. We meet with 
nothing similar in all the Ambracian series, but 
on some colts of South Italy (Locri) we do 
find a style approaching this. The heads of 
Athena are very flat and they seem to be the work 
of an unskilled die-cutter. 

This group with the large A on the reverses can 
hardly be accredited to a mint other than Am- 
bracia, but because of the style and the fact that 


130 THE “COLTS? Of AMG RAe 


these coins stand quite isolated, we place them 
under the ‘‘Uncertain Mints.’’ We are inclined 
to believe that they may be imitations of Am- 
bracian Colts, made in Southern Italy, where they 
are generally found. 

The second group is composed of a single reverse 
die, with two obverses. If this coin (190, PI. 
XVII) is of Ambracia, it would stand quite iso- 
lated in the established sequence. The style of 
the reverse is good, but the obverses with which 
we find it coupled are of very bad style; the first 
is similar to A 80, but the second has a Pegasos of 
the peculiar type that is found on very late colts 
only. The olive-wreath placed on the helmet be- 
low the bowl, and the long flowing loose locks 
visible on both sides of the neck as though a 
strong wind were blowing from behind the Athena’s 
head, give to the coin a very peculiar appearance. 
We are tempted to believe it belongs to another 
mint, perhaps Apollonia or Anactorium, the lyre 
and the wreathed helmet being often met on coins 
of this last mint. 

To the third group belong the coins 191 and 192 
(Pl. XVII). The style of reverses P 131 and P 
132 can be considered as very good for such late 
coins, but the modelling is very flat and too sweet 
and conventional. One can clearly see that the 
preoccupation of the die-cutter was with making 
something pretty. A strikingly similar style is 
found on the Pyrrhic coins, made in Sicily. 


ee eters. OH AMBRACIA ~-151 


These coins are perhaps the only colts struck in 
Ambracia after the closing of the mint. We con- 
jecture that they were struck at the time when 
Pytrhus made Ambracia his capital. Their 
rarity seems to confirm that they were soon re- 
placed by the currency of the Epirote ruler. 

Coins 193 and 194, illustrated on Pl. XVII, both 
in Berlin, are barbarous imitations. On the first, 
the shape of the letter behind the Athena’s head is 
noteworthy. The die-cutter did not understand 
the peculiar shape of the Ambracian A?; he 
thought it was an ornamental device and copied 
it as a triangle A. This seems to be the coin il 
lustrated by Cousinéry.2” 

The second has a reverse that is rather closely 
copied from die P 113 (Pl. XV), but the obverse 
shows a Pegasos that we never find on colts of a 
Greek mint. Only on Syracusan colts do we 
sometimes find the Pegasos with both wings 
visible. 

A third coin illustrated on the same plate (195) 
is an ancient imitation too; the reverse is copied 
from die P 65 (Pl. IX) and the reverse is copied 
iramevaedia ol, Leucas (cf. B. M. C., Pl. XXXIV; 
8). Such a Pegasos with curled wing is not known 
as yet in the Ambracian series. This coin is very 
light; it weighs grm. 6.70 only, but it is certainly 
genuine. Unfortunately enough the coin that 
was kindly sent to me by Count Chandon de Bri- 
ailles has been lost in the mail. 


152 THE “COLTS” OF AMPRAG 


Coin a, illustrated on Pl. XVII, is in Naples in 
the Santangelo Collection; there is no doubt 
that the inscription at full length is a modern 
addition. 

Cousinéry illustrates on Pl. IV, 9, a similar 
coin inscribed in full on the obverse, over the 
Pegasos; both coins have an A on the Pegasos’ 
hind-quarters; they are of exactly the same 
technique. The Ais very heavy and was probably 
made by cutting away the horse’s thigh. These 
coins are certainly forgeries, and as they look very 
similar it is probable that they come both from 
the same counterfeiter. 

Several catalogues illustrate coins of Gela, 
Agrigentum, Messana and even colts, with pellets 
and extraordinary symbols added to common coins 
by clever soldering. There was an engraver in 
Catania, a certain Geremia, who made a specialty 
of this kind of falsification, and although we do not 
know of any such forgeries for Ambracia, we think 
it of interest to describe some colts that passed 
through public sales with the addition of spurious 
symbols.?0?4 


Leucas. Large head, with Phrygian cap added on 
the reverse. Egger Sale, 1906, 366. 

Anactorium. Large head, with conical pilos added 
on the obverse. Same sale, 367.2% 

Corinth. Three pellets added on the reverse. 
Egger Sale, 1909, 352. 


ites COs OhyAMBRACIA .-153 


Locri. Three pellets added on the obverse. 
Same sale, 369. Hirsch XXX, 517. 

Locrt. Pecten-shell added on the reverse. Egger 
Sale, 1909, 370. 

Syracuse E. T. Newell Coll. 


All these coins were altered by the same man, 
now dead. As they are published, they might 
be dangerous for students. The coin with pellets, 
added might lead to fallacious metrological conclu- 
sions ,"o18 


REMARKS ON DIES 


The following table gives the number of all re- 
corded specimens for each die. The dies are 
divided by periods and groups so that it is pos- 
sible to see the peculiarities of each group. 

A similar table has been established by L. O. 
Th. Tudeer for the tetradrachms of Syracuse 2° 
and by W. Schwabacher for the tetradrachms of 
Selinus.2°4 We think it of some interest to com- 
pare the three tables. 


Syracuse 709 specimens, 43 A-dies, 80 P-dies. 
Selinus 262 specimens, 14 A-dies, 35 P-dies. 
Ambracia 619 specimens, 79 A-dies, 126 P-dies. 


The maximum number of specimens from the 
same die are: 
For Syracuse 53 from A-dies, 38 from P-dies. 


For Selinus 59 from A-dies, 19 from P-dies. 
For Ambracia 44 from A-dies, 22 from P-dies. 


154 THE “COLTS** OF AMERA = 


The exceptionally high number of specimens 
from the same A-die in Selinus may perhaps be 
explained if we consider that probably the greatest 
number of the recorded coins come from one 
hoard. The die must have been in use for a long 
time, as several coins show a very large fracture. 

In Ambracia, also, the maximum number of 
specimens from the same A-die is proportionately 
much larger than in Syracuse. 

It seems that in the mint of Ambracia they did 
not mind using a broken die for the obverse, but 
they were very particular about changing the 
P-dies as soon as a small fracture appeared. 
We know only a few reverses with flaws, and these 
are very small, while some obverses are badly frac- 
tured. Perhaps in Ambracia the A-dies were 
fastened to the anvil, and therefore even if they 
were broken they could still be used, while the 
P-die, used as a punch, received the blow. If 
damaged, it could not have stood the hammering, 
and they were therefore obliged to change it as 
soon as it was damaged (cf. page 146). 

The average of the number of A-dies in relation 
with P-dies is the following in the three series: 
Syracuse 10 to 18, 

Selinus 10 to 25, 
Ambracia 10 to 15. 

For this last series the average is misleading. 
Even if we do not consider the abnormal pro- 
portion of the two dies that we have already re- 


THE “COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 155 


marked for the first period (p. 85), the ratio be- 
tween the two dies is variable even between two 
groups of the same period. 

We have for instance in groups A and B of pe- 
riod II 

10 to. 12, 

and in group C of the same period we have 3 
A-dies for 9 P-dies, or proportionally 


10 to 80 (3), 
and in group B of period V 
10 to 8, 
while in group D of the same period 4 A-dies for 
16 P-dies, or proportionally 
10 to 40. 


Such discrepancies are difficult to explain. 
A possible hypothesis would be that the coins of 
groups C/II and D/V may perhaps have come 
from one or two finds composed of coins of the 
same issue, being couplings of a large number of 
reverses (P-die) with the same obverse (A-die), 
while those of groups A—B/II and B/V have been 
found singly. Perhaps in the last-named groups 
many other reverses existed of which no specimens 
have survived. This is mere conjecture, and 
for the present cannot be substantiated as no 
record of a find of colts exists. 

We may conclude that the original ratio between 
obverses and reverses was certainly much larger 
than the average of 10 to 15. 


156 THE “COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 


TABLE OF THE RECORDED SPECIMENS 


A-dies| Number] P-dies}| Number 


—_————————— | —_—$ EE ei — |cq““— 


1 8 1 5 
I PERIOD 2 3 2 3 
Group A 3 1 3 5 
6 A-dies, 21 spec. 4 4 4 8 
4 P-dies, 21 spec. 5 3 
6 2 
Group B 7 2 5 9 
3 A-dies, 18 spec. 8 8 6 9 
2 P-dies, 18 spec. 9 8 
II PERIOD i : f 
11 4 8 2 
Group A 
3 12 3 9 1 
4 A-dies, 17 spec. 13 6 10 6 
5 P-dies, 17 spec. 11 3 
14 4 12 1 
15 1 13 1 
16 1 14 3 
cms | i) an 
8 A-dies, 16 spec. 
: 19 1 17 1 
10 P-dies, 15 spec. 20 4 18 1 
21 1 19, 1 
20 4 
ae 1 
22 4 22 1 
23 10 23 3 
24 S) 24 1 
Group C 25 1 
3 A-dies, 19 spec. 26 1 
9 P-dies, 19 spec. 27 Z 
28 4 
29 1 
30 5 


eee elo OF AMBRACIA 157 


A-dies| Number} P-dies| Number 


III PERtIop & : 5 
26 S) 32 3 
Group A 
5 A-dies, 16 spec. A f se Ec 
3 P-dies, 13 spec. a8 3 
29 2 
30 5 34 5 
Sle ie | 31 16 E 4 
2 A-dies, 21 spec. 
: 36 6 
4 P-dies, 21 spec. 37 6 
32 5 38 4 
Group C 33 14 39 1 
2 A-dies, 19 spec. 40 1 
5 P-dies, 19 spec. 41 7 
42 6 
34 4 43 5 
35 7 44 6 
Group D 36 28 45 4 
4 A-dies, 55 spec. 37 16 46 8 
7 P-dies, 55 spec. 47 13 
48 10 
49 9 
38 4 50 4 
Group E 39 10 el 8 
3 A-dies, 18 spec. 40 4 52 1 
5 P-dies, 18 spec. 53 3 
54 2 
55 3 
56 2 
iis At 12 | 57 5 
3 A-dies, 23 spec. 42 10 58 1 
6 P-dies, 23 spec. 43 1 59 2 
60 10 


11 


158 THE “COLTS” OF AMBER 


Andies Number Pediael eases 


44 34 61 9 
IV PERIOD = : o2 : 
63 9 
Group A 

i 64 5 

2 A-dies, 35 spec. 
7 P-dies, 35 spec 5 
Meigs 3 Se 66 5 
67 1 


46 19 68 
47 12 69 
48 26 70 
49 1 71 
50 1 72 
51 21 73 
32 zt 74 


Group B 
7 A-dies, 101 spec. 
10 P-dies, 95 spec. 


55 28 79 
Group C 56 3 80 
4 A-dies, 59 spec. 


8 P-dies, 56 spec. 


or 44 86 

58 19 87 

V PERIOD 59 1 88 
Group A 

3 A-dies, 64 spec. 


P-dies, 64 spec. 


oo 


‘SS 18 78 3 
54 10 {178 13 


ie oes OF AMBRACIA “159 


A-dies| Number] P-dies| Number 


60 1 94 9 
61 15 95 7 
62 2 96 6 
63 9 97 3 
Group B 64 3 | 98 2 
11 A-dies, 41 spec. 65 4 99 4 
9 P-dies, 41 spec. 66 1 1100 5 
67 1 101 2. 
68 1 102 3 
69 3 
70 1 
103 1 
71 9 1104 3 
ro 5 4105 4 
Sis 73 elite 2 
5 A-dies, 30 spec. 74 10 |107 3 
8 P-dies, 30 spec. a5 3 {108 4 
109 10 
110 3 
111 6 
76 12 112 2 
77 pees Vhs: 1 
78 5.1114 3 
ie a 79 1 (115 5 
4 A-dies, 46 spec. 116 2 
16 P-dies, 46 spec. 117 2 
118 4 
119 3 
120 6 


160 THE “COLTS “OF AMGRAG 


A-dies | Number] P-dies |Number 


121 5 

122 3 

Zs 1 

124 3 

125 1 

126 1 

I Period 9 39 6 39 

II Period 15 52 24 Di 

III Period 19 152 30 149 

IV Period 13 195 25 186 

V Period Bae) 181 41 181 

TOTAL 79 619 |126 606 
Combinations with  re- 
verses from other periods 

Or ZrOUPS. | 5G An «6 ee vireo en £3 


THE WEIGHT STANDARY 


One of the chief factors of the success of the 
Corinthian currency was certainly the standard 
adopted. Although it was really the Euboic- 
Attic standard, the system of division by 3 and 
6 permitted an exchange with the money of the 
Aeginetic-standard. Thus a Corinthian stater 
corresponded to an Attic didrachm and a Corin- 
thian drachm or 1/3 stater to an Aeginetan 
hemidrachm or 1/4 stater. Head indicates the 
weight of the standard of the Corinthian stater as 
8.74 grm. (135 grs.).% Babelon brings this 
weight to grm. 8.72.27 


fee CS OF AMBRACIA © 161 


These are higher than the weights we have ob- 
tained with the frequency-table, established by 
the Hill-Robinson method.”8 Results obtained 
with this method are certainly truer than those 
obtained with the averaging system where ex- 
ceptionally heavy coins or especially light ones 
may greatly influence the figures obtained. 

A first frequency-table established with the 
coins of the British Museum gave us a frequency- 
summit of 8.55 grm. Adding 1 per cent, for loss 
of weight by circulation, we obtain a normal 
weight of grm. 8.63, which, given the good condi- 
tion of the coins of the B. M., must be very near 
the Corinthian standard. From another table 
established with 135 coins in my own collection, 
we obtained a norm of grm. 8.58. The difference 
of grm. 0.05 is probably due to the better condition 
of the coins of the B. M. 

A table established with the coins of the differ- 
ent towns of Akarnania, recorded by Imhoof- 
Blumer, and 110 specimens of my own collection, 
gave us the highest point of grm. 8.50; adding 
1 per cent, we obtain a norm of grm. 8.58 for the 
staters of Akarnania. 

Another table with all the Ambracian staters 
here recorded, 496 specimens, gives us the highest 
point grm. 8.45 plus 1 per cent, norm grm. 8.53. 

In working out this table we observed that the 
weights seemed to augment towards the end of 
the series; this induced us to make three separate 
tables and we obtained the following results: 


162 THE “COLTS” OF AMBrAgi. 


I-II-III Per. ..Summit 8.35 grm. plus 1%, norm grm. 8.42. 
LVePer eae -,..Summit 8.45 grm. plus 1%, norm grm. 8.53. 
Vs Pep oth a eres Summit 8.50 grm. plus 1%, norm grm. 8.58. 


From these results we may draw the following 
conclusions: 

1. That the Colonies of Corinth seem to have 
had a lower standard than their mother-city, 
and that this must have been very near to 8.58 
grm. 

2. That the standard of Ambracia was lower 
than that of the other colonies. 

3. That not only the standard of the colts did 
not drop at about the fourth century, as Prof. P. 
Gardner says,?°° but on the contrary, at least for 
Ambracia, it rose at that time and reached the 
level of the coins of Akarnania. 


ERRONEOUS ATTRIBUTIONS 


In many public and private collections there are 
often colts inscribed A and therefore placed under 
Ambracia which do not belong to this mint. We 
think it useful to illustrate these coins on Pl. XVII 
and XVIII, although many of them have already 
been attributed to other mints, by Imhoof- 
Blumer, but not being illustrated, they are often 
misplaced. 

A great number of these coins are of very late 
style, and certainly posterior to the closing of 
the mint of Ambracia. 


Peels (Or AMBRACIA 163 


ALYZIA 


Coin 1 (Pl. XVII) in Berlin, from the Prokesch- 
Osten collection, is certainly of this mint. A 
specimen in the writer’s cabinet has the reverse 
from the same die and the inscription AAT is 
clearly visible in front of the Athena’s head, while 
on the Berlin specimen only A and the lower part 
of the other two letters can be seen. This coin 
corresponds to Imhoof-Blumer No.5.72. Coin 2 (PI. 
XVIII) in Athens belongs to the same mint; the 
obverse is from the same die as the coin of Alyzia 
in’ Paris, illustrated by Babelon (Tr., t. IV, pl. 
CCLXXII, 20). The symbol, a quiver and a 
bow, confirms this attribution. 


ARGos AMPHILOCHICUM 


Coin 3 (Pl. XVIII) in Paris and 4 in Berlin are 
undoubtedly from this mint. The AM in front 
of the Athena’s helmet is not the beginning of 
the Ambracian ethnic, but of AM®IAOXON. 
This can be seen on the coins of the same 
mint (Imhoof-Blumer 28 to 38)?" on which the 
ethnic is AM®IAO, AM@IA, AM®PI, AM@ and after- 
wards, AM only. The symbol is generally either a 
spear or a spear-head. A similar coin in the 
McClean collection is erroneously ascribed to 
Mesma.?!? 

Coin 5 in Munich, and others similar, under 
Ambracia in the Hague and in a private collection, 


1644 THE “COLTS (Ob AM 


have AP and a shield for symbol; this coin corre- 
sponds to Imhoof-Blumer 16. Nos. 6, 7, 8 and 9 
under Ambracia in several public and private 
collections are of Argos and can be found in Im- 
hoof-Blumer too. Nos. 10 to 13 in Munich, 
Glasgow and London are of the same mint and 
were ascribed to Argos by Imhoof-Blumer owing 
to their fabric.24% Although placed under Ambracia 
in the British Museum Catalogue, Head doubted 
they were really of this mint.?!4 

On all these coins cf very flat fabric and of late 
style, the Athena’s hair is distinctively treated. 
On all the Ambracian staters it flows down from 
beneath the helmet and neck-guard, while on these 
coins it goes back over the neck-guard in ungainly 
heavy curls of a very conventional shape. Prof. 
Oman, in his recent study on the ‘“‘ Late Coinage 
of Corinth,’’ remarked the same peculiarity on the 
late Corinthian issues.245 These conventional 
curls which look like hooks stuck on the neck- 
guard never occur on the Ambracian colts. 
They are, however, met sometimes on late coins of 
Anactorium and Leukas, but are generally pres- 
ent on the late colts of mints that continued to 
strike colts after the Macedonian invasion—such 
as Argos, Astakos, Coronta(?), Metropolis, Thyr- 
reion—and on the colts of the Akarnanian league. 


COTA 


oO: 


THE “COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 165 


NOTES 


. Dr. E. Oberhummer. Akarnanien, Ambrakia, Amphi- 


lochien, Leukas im Altertum. Mliinchen, 1887, p. 4. 


sscyl., 33:° Dionys. Calliph.,.28. 


Oberhummer, op. cit., p. 26. 


eee eet, 20 (x XII-9).° Livy, XXXVIII, 3, 11. 


Oberhummer, p. 72. 


. Oberhummer, p. 64. 


Dion. Hal., a R. 50. 


. Oberhummer, p. 79. 


E. Babelon, Traité des Monnaies Grécques et Romaines, 
Peps tome LV ,.c,132. 

Raoul Rochette, Annali dell’Istituto di Roma, t.I, 
pp. 312-316. 


10. Ernest Curtius, Griechische Geschichte, II B, p. 87. 


Babelon, op. cit., col. 124. 


10%. Herod., VI, 29. Curtius, Studien zur Gesch. von 


1f. 
12. 


LS, 
14, 
bey 
16. 
Ly: 


18, 


19. 


Connth, Hermes 2. B., 2 H., p. 229. 

Babelon, op, cit., c. 127. 

Thucyd., II, 68. L. Heuzey, Le mont Olympe et 
l’Acarnanie, p. 298. 

oucvdsntliviiz. L. Heuzey, op. cit., p. 305. 

L. Heuzey, op. cit., 298. 

Tivcyd,, 11,112, 

Babelon, op. cit., c. 128. 

ied. Vil. 3. Head B. M. Cat., p. lvi, Babelon, 
Opatite LV, €. 128, 

Barclay V. Head, Catalogue of the Brit. Museum, 
Corinth, p. 111, n. 63 and 64. The weight corre- 
sponds to the half-victoriatus. 

Pollux (1X, 76) says: tov, To voucopa 76 Kopivd.ov, OTe 
Inyaoov etxev &TeruTm@pevoyvy, and he quotes Euri- 
pides in the Skiron speaking of the hetaerae in 
Corinth: ‘‘Some you will win if you give one horse 


166 


THE “COLTS” OF AMBER 


(7dos), some by a pair; some come for four silver 
horses, but what they like is virgins from Athens 
when you bring many.”’ (Prof. P. Gardner, Pollux’ 
Account of ancient coins. Num. Chr., 3d Series, 
Vol. I, p. 294.) 


9?, O. Ravel, ‘‘Notes on some rare Pegasi of my collec- 


19>, 


20. 
vA 


22: 


23; 
24. 


20, 


tion,’’ Num. Chr., V ser., 1926, 24, p. 305. 

The Magistrates’-signets-theory has been fully dis- 
cussed and proved by Lenormant for the series of 
tetradrachms of Athens only; it may be possible that 
even in other series like Metapontum, for instance, 
the meaning of the symbols is connected with the 
mint-magistrates, but it is a mistake to generalize. 
If this theory was not generally accepted and was 
a new one to be applied to the Ambracian series, 
one would certainly be in great difficulties to find 
arguments to prove it. 

Head; op. .cit. Doaxiv, 

Prof. Charles Oman, The fifth-century Coins of Corinth, 
Num. Chr., 4th Series, Vol. IX, p. 18. 

Babelon, op. cit., T. III, c. 414, 415. 

Head, op. cit., p. 25 f. 

Prof. George Macdonald, Coin Types, Their Origin and 
Development, p. 65 f. In the case of these colts, 
the principal type being in common with the mother- 
city and the other colonies, the symbol was a kind of 
secondary type and therefore it was this that 
represented the wapdanuov of the town. 

G. H. Hill, Ancient Methods of Coining, Num. Chr., 
Sth series, Vol. II, p. 1 f. 


6*. Against this conclusion there would be only one argu- 


ment and this was kindly given to me by Mr. C. T. 
Seltman, to whom I explained the case. 

He supposes that one die was in constant use for a 
couple of years and then put aside and only used oc- 
casionally, when other dies were not at hand. This 


fee COLTS OF AMBRACIA — 167 


clever hypothesis is easily contradicted by the fact 
that only 1 and 5 are found with other dies. If die 
A was used during a certain period, only occasion- 
ally, we should find couplings with A as anexception, 
and couplings with another obverse should be the 
norm, which it is not. 

29. The Club is quite exceptional for Ambracia and this 
is why the two coins 29 and 30 (Pl. III) were con- 
sidered as being of Dyrrhachium. 

30. Revue Numismatique, IV Ser., T. II, 3, Tr. 1907, 
Dc2o: 

31. Prof. P. Gardner, A History of Ancient Coinage, p. 
SPOR SEL: 

31°. The present series shows very strange anomalies; see 
here, p. 91 and p. 166. 

32. Athena’s head, the constant type of all the colts, has 

received different names. Fr. Lenormant (Rev. 
Num., t. XI, p. 73) thought it might represent the 
armed Aphrodite of which Pausanias saw a statue 
in the Acrocorinth (Paus., II, 4,6). E. Curtius sup- 
ported this opinion. Imhoof-Blumer (Die Miinzen 
Akarnaniens, p. 4) discusses it and says that an 
Aphrodite with a helmet has never existed and the 
only arms that the armed Aphrodite had, was a 
shield, which she used as a mirror, as can be seen on 
later bronze coins. He states that the head is 
undoubtedly the head of Athena. 

Babelon (Tr., t. I, c. 809-810) follows the same 
opinion and says that ’Agpodirn amo evn does not 
mean Aphrodite with a helmet. He sees in the 
head, Athena yaduvitis, who had a temple on the 
market square in Corinth. This goddess appeared 
to Bellerophon and gave him a golden bridle with 
which he mastered Pegasos, therefore her surname 
xaXduwiris, the goddess with the bridle. This ex- 
planation connects the type of the reverse with that 
of the obyerse, 


168 THE “COLTS” OF Sap rtace 


33. The Pegasos is always found on the obverse of the 
coins of Corinth and her colonies. On the colts 
of South Italy and Sicily, it is sometimes on 
the reverse. This is comprehensible as for these 
countries the Pegasos had not the same importance 
as for Corinth, the issues being only a kind of 
secondary currency, made to satisfy the demands of 
trade. 

34. G. Macdonald, op. cit., p. 125, says: “‘ Probably it was 
due to the widespread popularity of her ‘colts’ that 
the Pegasos maintained its position on the obverse, 
even after the helmeted head of Athena had joined 
it as a companion,” and -at pe 130... =e 
(Athena’s) head succeeds to a place that was vacant, 
only a single type having been used there pre- 
viously.”’ 

34°. In my “ Notes’”’ previously cited, I have drawn atten- 
tion to this peculiarity. 

35. See p. 108 (die P 29 and P 30, Pl. IV) and p. 140 (P 86 
and P 88—-P 89, Pl. XXII). 

35°. Up to date great importance has been given to the 
symbols, for the classification of the colts. The 
cases described on pp. 9 and 10 prove how danger- 
ous this is. 

36. When in 1878 Imhoof-Blumer wrote his exhaustive 
study ‘‘Die Miinzen Akarnaniens’’ (Num. Zeitsch., 
X) he saw how difficult it is to classify the colts, 
chronologically, according to their appearance, and 
how necessary it would be, for this kind of attempt, 
to collect as many originals and casts as possible in 
order to examine and compare all the dies (p. 69). 

This, in an epoch when nobody thought of study- 
ing the coins through their die-combinations, is 
quite remarkable and Imhoof-Blumer should there- 
fore be considered as the precursor of the system. 

37. Head, op. cit.; py liv. 


38. 
39. 


40. 


41. 


42. 


43. 
44, 


45. 


46. 


47. 


48. 


49, 


50. 


pe 


D2. 


33: 


54. 


Pee WOT S: OF AMBRACIA — 169 


Babelon, op. cit., t. I, c. 913. 
G. Macdonald, Fixed and loose dies. Corolla Numis- 
 matica, p. 183 f. 

See cut at p. 23. 

S. W. Grose—Fitzwilliam Museum, MacClean Be- 
quest, p. 261, n. 5097, pl. 185, 2. This coin is not of 
Ambracia but of Leucas. 

Imhoof-Blumer, Monnaies Grécques, p. 187, n. 21, and 
Gnome -oplt,: 29: 

Imhoof-Blumer, Monnaies Grécques, p. 137, n. 21a. 

Head, op. cit., p.109. The symbol under the Pegasos 
is described as a “‘pellet.’’ 

Babelon, op. cit., t. IV, c. 142, describes the same coin 
as having as symbol a “‘coquillage’’ (shellfish). 

See cut at p. 23. 

Head and Babelon give this coin to Dyrrhachium be- 
cause the club symbol is generally considered as 
the tapacnpuoy of this town. 

Hirsch attributes this coin to Dyrrhachium, following 
the Cat. of the B. M. 

Grose, op. cit., p. 261. This Nike is taken for the Eros 
binding the olive-wreath round the helmet (pl. X, 
118 a). 

In the Egger catalogue this coin is placed under 
Dyrrhachium and the Nike is described as crowning 
Athena. That the Nike holds a fillet and not a 
wreath, is clearly visible on 36 a, pl. III. 

On this coin there is a kind of crescent to 1.; it is prob- 
ably only accidental. 

See cut at p. 23. 

Babelon, op. cit., t. IV, attributes this coin to Alyzia 
following Imhoof-Blumer, and again to Ambracia 
following Head. 

Imhoof-Blumer attributes this coin to Alyzia owing to 
the bow, and the following to Argos because of the 
dog. These coins prove that it is dangerous to take 
the symbols as a guide for the classification. 


170 


Do: 


36. 


Dd 


58. 


59. 
62. 

63. 
63°. 
64. 
65. 


66. 


67. 
68. 


THE “COLTS “OF AMP net 


Babelon describes the coin as having the obverse from 
the same die as 291. This is certainly a mistake as 
the coin corresponds to our 129 d, and the obverse is 
AcSs. PECL, 

Although this figure is very like to the Eros we often 
find on Greek vases (cf. Apulian vase in Bari re- 
produced in W. H. Roscher, Lexicon der Griechischen 
und Rém. Mythologie; p. 1181, f. 7) it may be the 
same local hero as the winged dolphin-rider on coin 
19 plex 

The following coin in the same catalogue, 5119,” Pl. 
186, 4, is a colt of Argos. 

Babelon describes the symbol as a bee and in his 
footnote 5 indicates that the coin is 23 of the Cat. 
of the B. M., pl. XXVIII, 5. This coin has a cicada 
for symbol and is our 141, pl. XIII. That the sym- 
bol represents a fly is proved by the large globular 
eyes and the abdomen, which are not those of a bee. 

The following coin in the same cat., 5107, pl. 185, 12, 
is a coin of Leucas. 

C. T. Seltman, The Temple Coins of Olympia, pl. V, 
die 6¢. 

The following coin illustrated by Babelon on pl. 
CCLXXXII, f. 6, is not of Ambracia but of Leucas 
(B. M.C., 85, pl XX AVA, tas 

Cf. Num. Chr., V ser., 24, p. 314. 

Babelon describes this symbol as a branch of ivy, and 
Head as a climbing-plant. See p. 115. 

The aspect of the A prompted Head to attribute this 
and the following coin to Anactorium. 

Babelon places this coin under Anactorium, after Head; 
the obverse illustrated on pl. CCLXXVII, 20, 
does not belong to the coin; it is an obverse of 
Argos. 

The letter beneath the Pegasos is A, not AM. 

The first letter of the ethnic is certainly A and not 4\ as 
it is reported in the catalogue; this peculiar form of 
alpha is found only on much later coins. 


Pee eos OF AMBRACIA’ r71 


69. Behind the Athena’s head M does not exist, and be- 
neath the Pegasos there is only A and not the mono- 
gram. 

69%, This specimen is described by Imho f-Blumer in 
““Griechische Miinzen, p. 550, pl. II, 16. He 
supposes the = to be a sigma and being the same 
letter as on other colts of Leucas, Ambracia, Dyr- 
rhachium and Corinth, he thinks it may be the 
initial of ouupaxia or cuypaxtxovy. The colts with 
the sigma would therefore be considered as alliance 
coins. 

70. The obverse illustrated on Pl. CCLXXXI, 20, does 
not belong to this coin, but to 21 (Pl. XVI, 174). 
We are obliged to point out all these mistakes, 
probably due to misplacing of the plaster casts, 
because cases like the above would completely upset 
the established die-sequence, if they were correct. 

71. Cousinéry, Essai Historique, p. 161. The girl is de- 
scribed as a copy of the Venus Callipygos. This 
extraordinary suggestion is surprising in a numis- 
matist like Cousinéry. 

72. Imhoof-Blumer, Nymphen und Chariten auf Griech- 
ischen Miinzen, J. Int. d’Arch. Num., T. 11, 1908, 
p. 79. 

73. Head, op. cit., p.104. The obverses of coins 5 and 6are 
not described because the type corresponds to the 
heading, only the peculiarities are noted. Babelon 
thought on the contrary that these two obverses 
were the same as the previous one with AM, while in 
reality there is only an A on the Pegasos’ hind-quar- 
ters. This is naturally very important, and if these 
two obverses really had AM, they would belong toa 
quite different period. 

74. W. H. Roscher, Lexicon der Griechischen und R6m. 
Mythologie, B. I., p. 444, Apollo’s attributes. 


172. THE “COLTS” OF AMPA. 


75. Obverse illustrated on Pl. CCLXXXI, 12, does not 
belong to the coin 130a; it is die A 53. This is 
another misplaced plaster-cast like the above men- 
tioned (note 70). 

75%. When I wrote the previously mentioned ‘‘Notes’”’ I 
knew two specimens only of this coin and thought it 
therefore rare, 

76. The name APA@G6O2 is not off-flan as Grose supposes, 
but over the head of the river-god; it can be seen 
onl i6a;y. Pi Xe 

78. This staff is clearly visible on coin 135 C; it réaches to 
the top of Ambrax’ head-gear. 

79. The symbol is described as a ‘‘serpent coiled round un- 
certain object’’; this is the only case where it has 
been recognized. 

80. Cousinéry, op. cit., was the first to see a swan on the coin 
and he carefully illustrated the bird on Pl. IV, f. 7. 

81. Cousinéry, op. cit., p. 160, Pl. 1V,f.9. Mionnet, 3me 
Suppl., 30 and 31. 

82. Eckhel, Numi Veteres Anecdoti Musei Caesarei 
Vindobonensis, p. 123, pl. VIII, 19. 

83. We supposed that this exceptionally light coin, in good 
preservation, was plated, and as we know of no other 
plated colt, this might have been interesting. Dr. 
K. Regling kindly informs us that the light weight 
is due to the oxidation and that the coin is certainly 
not plated. 

84. Babelon places the coin under Leucas and calls the 
symbol a lobster, but as the claws are missing it is 
no doubt a shrimp. 

85%. Mr. Vlasto saw this coin among those that composed 
the Ionian-shore find (1908). If the dating of the 
find is correct, this coin should be of at least 365-— 
360 B.C. and therefore the beginning of the fifth 
period should be earlier than 360 B.C. 

85. The Temple Coins of Olympia, p. 94. 


O27. 


99. 


96. 


97. 


98. 


99: 


998, 
100. 


101. 
102. 
103. 
104. 
105. 


Peer ose sOr AMBRACIA 173 


. Curtius, Studien zur Geschichte von Korinth, Hermes, 


ibs Beat, pez43. 


. Grose, op. cit. The symbol is partly off-flan and is 


questionably identified as a winged boar. 


. The obverse placed near the reverse of 20 on pl. 


CCLXXI belongs to this coin. 


. The leaves are the same as those on the branch on coin 


93,7 Pig VILL 


. Babelon describes the flower as a poppy. 
. On the specimen in Berlin the inscription is off-flan. 
eaveron. ope cic... .,.1V,¢. 3/, Pl: CCLXXII, 5. 


Cf. my “‘Notes,’’ p. 307. 


. Naville sale, VII, 1924 (Bement). 
. Naville sale, XII, 1926 (Bissen). 


J. Babelon, Cat. de la Collection de Luynes, pl. LX XI, 
1886. This coin is from the same dies as 1, Pl. 
XIX. 

Hermes, Band 2, Heft 2, 1875, p. 234. 

Prof. Oman, op. cit., Num. Chr., 4th Series, Vol. IX, 
D530. 

G. F. Hill, Ancient Methods of Coining, Num. Chr., V 
ser., Vol. II, p. 30 f. 

mee cat, >. NX), pl. ll, n. 6; 19 and 20... Mr. Noe re- 
marks that similar earrings are found on coins of 
Metapontum. 

Gardner, op. cit., p. 371, 2, 3. 

Prom Oman, op. (cit. pl. XXVII, N. 14 and 15. 
These coins are evidently made by the same artist. 
Prof. Oman dates this issue to 432-431 B.C. It is 
more probable that they belong to an earlier date. 

Head? op. cit., p. 106,17. 

Head, op. cit., p. 109, 49. 

Imhoof-Blumer, M. Gr., p. 137, 21. 

Babelon,op: icit., T. IV, C..125, 267. 

I owe this hypothesis to my good friend Mr. M. P. 
Vlasto, who suggested that the two animals may 
symbolize two towns at war. 


i 


174 THE “COLTS OFFA eee 


106. Babelon, op. cit., T. I, c. 643. The lexicographers 
called the yeAXSvac of Aegina, “‘yxedwvn, vouropa 
TENOTOVYNTLAKOV.” 

107. E. Curtius; op. cit, ya22e 

108... Thue., 1,108: 

108*. H. B. Earle Fox, Early coinage of European Greece, 
Corolla Numism., p. 39. 

108. It will be observed that-we speak of turtle while in 
reality the animal in the coils of the serpent is a 
land-tortoise; this is due to the fact that turtle is 
really not the exact translation of xeNwvyn as this 
word is generic and means both the sea-turtle and 
the land-tortoise. 

109. Roscher, op. cit., I B., p. 1303 f. 

109°. It is well known that the serpent as well as the owl 
was the symbol of Athena and Athens. 

110. E. Curtius, op. cits po 2a 

111. Babelon, op. cit., T. III, c. 397. After the ruin of 
Aegina by the Athenians, the coins of Corinth spread 
all over the Peloponnesus, and the “‘colts’’ took the 
place of the ‘‘turtles’”’ in this part of the Greek 
World. 7 

112. Head, op. cit., p. 106, 16. It is certainly a mistake 
that in describing the head of Athena he should say: 
‘“wearing a leather cap.”’ The only coin of this type 
with neck-guard is our N. 14. 

113. Head, op. cit., p. 106, 17, 18; 

114, Monn. Gr., p. 137, 21. 

115. Num. Chr., 1926, Fifth Series, 24, p. 309. 

116. C. T. Seltman, The Temple Coins of phe ba p. 34, 

117. Head, op. cit, p. 100: 

118. See p. 

119. Head, op. cit., p. 141, n. 4, and p. Ixviii. 

120.; Babelon, op. cit., t. [Vy c.gieo ae 

120°. Revue Numismatique, IV ser., T. 8, p. 112. 

120. Daremberg & Saglio, Dict. des Ant., Gr. et Rom., 
art. Infula. 


Et; 
122. 


125; 


124. 


125. 
126; 
127. 
128. 
129. 


130. 
is 
132. 


Poo S ~ OF AMBRACIA ~ 175 


That these fillets were made of wool is confirmed 
by some bronze coins of Phocis (cf. Babelon Tr., pl. 
CCV, 17 and 20), on which we see a fillet, no doubt 
the Delphic one, tied round the bull’s horns and 
hanging down on both sides of the head. 

This fillet corresponds probably to the red 
woollen fillet of the same shape that is still in use in 
southern Italy round the horns of the oxen, em- 
ployed as a protection against the evil eye—a sur- 
vival of the Greek apotropeion. 

ce Poole..&. M. Cat., Italy, p. 313, 88. 

Daremberg & Saglio, Dictionnaire des Antiquités Gr. 
et Rom., art. Incensorium. 

Imhoof-Blumer, Die Miinzen Akarn., p. 79. Hesup- 
poses the symbol to represent a kind of rattle. We 
have seen that the instrument was used by swinging 
it to and fro; this would not be the best way to make 
it ring. If the end of the fillet was a bell it would 
have been more convenient to have it tied to a rigid 
rod, and the greatest ringing effect would have been 
obtained by shaking it, rather than by a swinging 
movement. 

Head, op. cit., p. lvi. Preller, Gr. Myth., 4th Ed., p. 
276. M. Collignon, Histoire de Ja Sculpture 
recites tl.) p. 103...-Babelon ‘Tr.,.t: IV, ¢. 138. 

Head, Hist. Num., p. 270. 

Head, B. M. C., p. 104, 3 and 4. 

Head, op. cit., p. 32. 

Derek skerine,Z.t. N., XX XIII, p. 51-f, 

M. P. Vlasto, Alexander, son of Neoptolemos, Num. 
new y sera cell), U1, p.-182. 

Seltman, op. cit., p. 163. 

Mum. «chr,,-41926,.V Ser., PI. IV, p. 314. 

This peculiarly shaped alpha is generally found on ar- 
chaic coins only. In Ambracia on the contrary some 
of the archaic colts have the usual civic initial A 
with the straight crossbar (see 1, 2 and 3, Pl. I) and 


176 THE “COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 


not until later is the crossbar slanting—sometimes 
upwards to left and sometimes upwards to right. 

This archaic letter A is found often even on very 
late colts; it can be considered as a local form of the 
civic initial. 

It is remarkable that Ambracia should have em- 
ployed for this purpose an archaic letter, copying 
even in this her mother-city. 

This A corresponds to the 9 (koppa) that is 
found on all the coins of Corinth and that is still her 
characteristic initial long after this archaic letter 
had been abolished and replaced by the K. 

1332:, BVM, Gat.) plies 

134. E. Babelon, op. cit., t. IV, p. 91, 194. 

1352.5 Ma Cate pati. 

136. W. H. Roscher, op. cit., p. 1358. 

137. B. M. Cat., p. 104. These coins are placed immedi- 
ately after the archaic ones. 

139. B. M. Cat., pl. XXXIV, AG anders. 

140. Num: Chr,,; 1926, V-Ser.) PlLaiVj ae 

141. Imhoof-Blumer, Nymphen und Chariten, J. I. A. Ni, 
pn BE eagle 

141%. Vlasto in his TAPAY OIKIZTHZ, Num. Notes and 
Monographs 15, p. 130, illustrates a nomos of his col- 
lection inscribed TARANTINON on the obverse and 
TAPANTINON on the reverse. It is remarkable 
that one side should have both the archaic R and O 
while the other side has P and 2. This case proves 
how little we can rely on epigraphic considerations 
for the dating of coins. 

142. Cousinéry, Essai, p. 160, 8. 

143. Similar corrections on Greek and Roman coins are 
known; cf. G. F. Hill, Ancient Methods of Coining, 
l.ic., p. 25, where several cases are quoted. 

144. Oberhummer, op. cit., p. 223. 

144°, Mr. Newell observes that in Amphipolis the race- 
torch is certainly connected with the Apollo’s head 
of the obverse. 


145. 
146. 
147. 
148. 
149. 


150. 


ti. 


$52, 


153% 


154. 


155; 


is? 


158. 
159. 


160. 
167. 
162. 
163. 


eee COSY OF AMBRACIA 177 


Imhoof-Blumer, Miinzen Akarn., p. 29, 31. 

Mitteilungen d. Rém. Inst., 1886, p. 222. 

eM Cate piv. 

Imhoof-Blumer, Nymphen und Chariten, l.c., p. 79. 
Dictionnaire des Antiquités Gr. et Rom., III, p. 
867, f. 4306. 

B. M. Cat., p. 106. 18 is placed between 17 of the 
II period and 19 of the V. 

J. N. Svoronos, Stylides, Ancres Hierae, Aphlasta, 
Clem aba oN, te 1G, 1914, p. 133... C. Carapanos; 
OD, Cit. p:.153: 

In the catalogue of the Pozzi Coll., 1783 (from the 
Hirsch sale, XX XI), the Pegasos is described as 
having AY onits hind-quarters. This is certainly a 
mistake; there is only an A, which stands for the 
civic initial, as does the 9 on some Corinthian sta- 
ters, placed in the same way (B. M. Cat., pl. IV, 10). 

R. Rochette, Annali dell’Inst. di Roma, t. I, p. 312, 
216. 1. Bbapelon, op.-cit., t. FV, c. 131. 

E. Curtius, St. zur-Gesch. v. K., l.c., p. 230. Preller, 
Aufsatze, p. 431. 

M. P. Viasto, TAPAS OIKIZTH2. Num. Notes and 
Monogr., No. 15, p. 5. 

M. P. Vlasto, TAPAY OIKIZTH2S. Num. Notes and 
Monogr., No. 15, p. 6. 

This staff was taken for a lance, but no point can be 
seen on either of the two known specimens. 

Wigeto, Op: cit-. pr v2, pi. III. 

Imhoof-Blumer, Fluss- und Meergotter auf griech. 
und rém. Miinz., p. 219, 5, Taf. IV, 14. Die Miinz. 
Akar., p. 91, Monnaies Grécques, p. 138. 

Bt. Cat: p. lv, 

i; Babelon, op. cit., t. IV; c. 135, 136. 

Bam. Cat.,-p: lv. 

Riggauer, Eros auf Miinzen, Zeits. f. Num., VIII B., 
1881, p. 74 f. 


178 THE “COLTS” OF AMER Ra. 


163%, Roscher, Lex. Gr. und Rém. Myth., p. 479. 

164, Cro pais: 

167. E. Babelon, op. cit., t. IIE, ¢ 434, pl CCoeii awe 

’ 168. E. Babelon, op. cit., t. IV, ec. 135. 

169. W. H. Roscher, op. cit., c. 677. 

170. W. H. Roscher, op. cit., c. 1697. 

171. Prof. C. Oman, The Fifth Cent. Coins of Corinth. 
Cf. p. 10 of the present work. 

172. B. M. C., p. 108, 35 and 36. There is no A; but A 
over the helmet. 

173. See here p. 94. 

174. S. Reinach, Repertoire des Vases Peints, t. IV, p. 371, 
Porat 

175°. A strikingly similar boy is depicted on a marble slab 
from Epidaurus in the Athens National Museum. 
Cf. TO EN AOHNAIZ EONIKON MOTZEION, pl. 
LXVII, 1424, and described by Svoronos on p. 146 
as young Asklepios (?). (Cf. S. Reinach, Repertoire 
de Reliefs gr. und rom., t. II, p. 323, 3.) q 

176. Arch. Zeitsch., 1850, p. 160. 

177. Evans, op.cit..p. 92: 

178. W.-H. Roscher, II B., p: 7. - Arist., Ran., p'395. 

179. W. H. Roscher, II B., p. 3. Nonn., Dionys., 48, 951. 

180. E. Babelon, op. cit., t. IV, pl. CCLXXI, f. 22, 23, 24, 
25. Num. Chr., 1926, V Ser.,.p. tv, pho 2 ees 

181. Oberhummer, op. cit., p. 231. 

182. C. Carapanos, op. cit., p) 133. 

183. C. Carapanos, op. cit., p. 166... Dionys, Hal; Hist. 
Rom., I, 14. 

184. J. N. Svoronos, Stylides, etc., I.c., p. 150. 

185. S. Reinach, Repertoire de la Statuaire Gr. und Rom., 
t. IV, pl. 1, f. 1. Kekulé, Dodona, pl. I. 

186. Oberhummer, op. cit., p. 72. 

187. 3me Suppl., 30, 31. 

188. B. M. Cat., p. lvi. 

189, Evans, op. cit., p. 76. 


free Gist oe OF AMBRACTA — 179 


190. E. Babelon, op. cit., t. IV, c. 139. 

191. Tapoov éixripernr, 60 6 wore IInyacos tos 
Tapaov adels Xwpw Altrev obvova, THuos ad’ iaToV 
"es Atos téuevos mécev Hows BeAdXepodédrrTns. 

Dionysius the Periegete, 869 f. 

192. J. Eckhel, Numi Veteres Anecdoti ex Museis Caesareo 
Vindobonensi, p. 124. 

193. Evans, op. cit.,p.106f. M.P. Vlasto, Alexander, son 
of Neoptolemos, l.c., p. 200 f. 

194. J. N. Svoronos, Stylides, etc., l.c., p. 139. 

195. The Temple Coins of Olympia. 

196, Curtinss St: zoG.v. K., Le, p. 242. 

197. Evans, op. cit., p. 142. 

1978. The breaking of these dies is probably due to the 
fact that the metal was brittle owing to insufficient 
annealing of the tempered steel. (Cf. S. W. Grose, 
A Decadrachm by Kimon, Num. Chr., IV ser., 1916, 
p. 130.) 

198-6, M > Cate, p. 105; 

199. J. G. Droysen, Geschichte des Hellenismus, III T., 
p. 101. 

200. Cousinéry, op. cit., Pl. IV, n. 6. 

201. In Paris there is another coin (Corinth 366 a) which is 
really a coin of Argos, with the same head wearing 
a conical pilos, added to the reverse. 

201°. A typical instance of the danger of this kind of 
forgeries is given by the tetradrachm of Gela 
formerly in the Pozzi collection (435). This coin, 
a common one, of well-known dies, has three large 
pellets, added by the same man, on the reverse. 
Nobody doubted that these pellets were genuine and 
Mr. Giesecke in his “‘Sicilia Numismatica”’ illustrates 
the coin on pl. 9, 5,and at p. 12 says: ‘‘ These three 
pellets, undoubtedly marks of value, mean that this 
tetradrachm corresponds to three heavy diachms of 
the Euboic towns, and considerations based on this 
‘premise follow.” 


180. THE “COLTS” OF wiv aia 


202. L. O. Th. Tudeer, Die Tetradrachmenpragung von 
Syrakus in der Periode der signierenden Kiinstler, 
Zeit, f. Num., 1913; p 2 hoe 

202°. Cf. Atti e Memorie dell’Istituto Italiano di Numis- 
matica, Vol. IV, p. 8, where Prof. P. Orsi mentions 
some of G.’s forgeries. 

204. W. Schwabacher, Mitteil. der Bayer. Num. Gesell- 
schaft, Frankfurt, 1925. 

206, B: M.:Cate pexx, 

207. Babelon; op. cit;, tollly cecae. 

208. G. F. Hill, The Frequency-table, Num. Chr., Fifth 
Ser. Vol. Wy peeii ci 

209. Gardner, History of Ancient Coinage, p. 376. 

210. Die Miinz. Akarn., p. 48. 

211. Die Miinz. Akarn., p. 88, 90. 

212...Grose;op. cits, “PE ss senor 

213. Die Miinz. Akarn., p. 88. 

214°, BAM: Cat.ipy ine 

215, Num: Chr., V Ser, Vol view, 5, 6. 


> 
5 ie 

ae 
. ia ty note at 
“ ‘f vo 

‘ i 
- ‘ 
. 


THE “COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 


luc - 


an 


PEATE-I 


,*+2 748 


16a 


A 


P10 
P12 


21 


20a 


Ss 
™ 
a, 


THE 4‘COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 


PUCALE, I] 


A12 


a 


ea 


- 

, Cd 
- : 
a 


“ 


sae Se ee ee ee ee ee ee ee oo ee ee | ee eee ee, ee ee ————r lO 


THE “COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 


PLATE “Ll 


A18 


P18 P19 


P24 


THE 


OO be 


OF AMBRACIA 


ra 
wes 


a. “ ~ a 
I ee a ee ee ee 


a, Pn 
<<’ * 


BEALE SLy 


“ 
Le | 4 i 
- 
Je 
‘. 
« 
ir 
a) % 
x r X ‘ 
5 * r 
~ + 
1 
1 A 
ry Me 
% 
= oh my 
4 . 
4 . ~ a 
- A 
a 
+ 
4 
& 
c 
." 
3 
+ 
‘oh ! 


THE “COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 


55d 56a 7 57a 


Bier 


vane ae Sie ’ : ; Paes: : —e 
Pe A ee i ee a ee 


THE “COLTS” OF AMSRataa. 


PEAtTh? Vi 


64a 


'70c 


THE “COLTS” OF AMBRAGTIA 


73a 


72a 


P46 


P53 


PLATE VII 


75d 


75a 


74a 


P47 


$1 


THE. COLTS 


OF AMBRACIA 


7 Se ee ee ee 


PLATE VIIl 


THE 


OUT ae 


OF AMBRACIA 


Sas 


et) id 


oe 4 
— a 


LS ee 


_.--) = 


Cte te os 


ed I 


PLATE IX 


“ 


THES CORTS? 


Abg 


OF AMBRACIA 


116a 


es ee. ae 


PLATE X 


THE “COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 


PLA, XL 


‘ 


‘ 
7 
- . 
¥ 


THE “COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 


PEAT EXIT 


* 


OF AMBRACIA 


AOS Ee, 


THE 


146a 


145 


144 


PLATE XIII 


i 


4 


THE “COLTS” 


OF AMBRACIA 


» 


een: 


‘3 
a PLATE XIV 


. 
cen 


’ 


awh = 


THE “COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 


A71 


162a 


PLATE XV 


a 


THE “COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 


A777 


PLATE UAV) 


178a 


177a 


176a 


J ; ‘ 
ee ee Te, eee ee ee ee Ls Sati 


183a 


4 ~ 


we 


Nee 


THE 2 COLTS. 5.0% AMBRACIA 


oo I ee ee en ea 


4 

3 

4 
= . 
at 
e i 


ee ae Ce 


PLATE AVI 


THE “COLTS” OF AMBRACIA 


- eee?” __ 


PEATE XVI 


ry, 0 hi co 
ee a 


Pe ee Sa Sa : ee Sy: 


Stes 


OF AMBRACIA 


THE ?OLTS; 


PLATE. XIX 


NumisMAtic Notes AND MONOGRAPHS 


1. Sydney P. Noe. Coin Hoards. 1921. 47 pp. 
6 pls. 50c. 

4. Howland Wovd. The Mexican Revolutionary 
Coinage. 1913-1916. 1921. 44 pp. 26 pls. 
$2.00. . 

6. Agnes Baldwin. Five Roman Gold Medallions. 

102%, 2105 pp. 8 pls. » $1.50. 

7. Sydney P. Noe. Medallic Work of A, A. Wein- 
man. 1921. 31pp. 17pls. $1.00. 

8. Gilbert S. Perez. The Mint of the Philippine 
Islands. 1921. 8pp. 4pls. 50c. 

9. David Eugene Smith, LL.D. Computing Jetons. 
1921. 7Opp. 25 pls. $1.50. 

10. Edward T. Newell. The First Seleucid Coinage 
of Tyre. 1921. 40 pp. 8pls. $1.00. 

11. Harrold E. Gillingham. French Orders and 
Decorations. 1922. 110 pp. 35pls. $2.00. 

12. Howland Wood. Gold Dollars of 1858. 1922. 
Lipp. .2' pls. 50c, 

13. R. B. Whitehead. Pre-Mohammedan Coinage of 

N. W. India. 1922. 56 pp. 15 pls. $2.00. 

ee its 


8 pls. $2.50. 


rders of Chivalry 
146 pp. 34 


21 


° 


22. 
23. 
24. 
aoe 


26. 


27. 


28. 


29. 
30. 
31,. 
32. 


33. 
34, 
35. 


rAaG: 


aes r “ 
Numismatic Notes AND MonocraPus 
cS (Cqarpnad? 


4 


Edward T. Newell. Alexander Nicacdatt 
Antdritsaena. 1924. 39pp. 6pls. $1.00. 


C. T. Seltman. A Hoard from Side. 1924. 20 
pp. 3pls. $1.00. tot at ee 

R. B. Seager. A Cretan Coin Hoard. 1928 55 
pp. 12 pls. $2.00. © 

Samuel R. Milbank. The Coinage ‘of ah Seige 
1925. 66pp. Spls. $2.00. J 

Sydney P. Noe. A Bibliography of Greek Coin 
Hoards. 1925. 275 pp. $2.50. r 


Edward T. Newell. Mithradates of Parthia ote 
Hyspaosines of Characene. 1925. 18 pp. 2 pls. 
50c. 


Sydney P. Noe. The Mende (Kaluniige) Sonu! 
1926. 73 pp. 10 pls. $2.00. 


Agnes Baldwin. Four Medallions roe the Arras 
Hoard. 1926. 36pp. 4pls. $1.50. 


H. Alexander Parsons. The Earliest ion of 
Norway. 1926. 41 pp. 50c. 4 


Edward T. Newell. Some Unpublished Coins of 


Eastern Dynasts. 1926. 21 pp. 2 pls. 50c. 


Harrold E. Gillingham. Spanish Orders of Chiv- 


alry and Decorations of Hi GuolEe: aid 165 _ 


pp. 40 pls. $3.00. | Z 


Sydney P. Noe. The Coinage of ‘Messpeseag i 


1927 (Part I). 134pp. 23 pls. $3.00. 


3 pls. $1.00. 


Edward eae The Second and Third Seleucia we 
Coinage of Tyre. 1927. 33 pp. 4pls. $1.50. — 


Alfred R. Bellinger. The Anonymous Byzantine 


Edward T. Newell. Two Recent Egyptian 
Hoards—Delta and Keneh. rae ah Apo. ! 


Bronze Coinage. 1928. 27 pp. 4pls. $1.50. 


Harrold E, Gillingham. Notes ou the Decorations — | 
and Medals of the French Colonies and Protec- _ = 


torates. 1928. 62 pp. 31 pls. $2.00. * 


